DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY MASQUERIER MILLYNG DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. XXXVII. MASQUERIER MILLYNG MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON: SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1894 v/.2>7 LIST OF WEITEES IN THE THIRTY-SEVENTH VOLUME. G. A. A. . . G. A. AITKEN. J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGER. E. H.-A. . . E. HERON-ALLEN. R. B-L. . . . EICHARD BAGWELL. G. F. R. B. . G. F. EUSSELL BARKER. M. B Miss BATESON. E. B THE EEV. RONALD BAYNE. T. B THOMAS BAYNE. C. B PROFESSOR CECIL BENDALL. G. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE. T. G. B. . . THE EEV. PROFESSOR BONNEY, F.E.S. G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULGER. R. B-E. . . . ROBERT BOYLE. M. B-s. . . . PROFESSOR MONTAGU BURROWS. W. C-R. . . WILLIAM CARR. H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTER. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE. T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. W. P. C. , . W. P. COURTNEY. J. A. C. . . J. A. CRAMB. L. C LIONEL CUST, F.S.A. L. D MAJOR LEONARD DARWIN, R.E., M.P. G. T. D. . . G. THORN DRURY. R D ROBERT DUNLOP. C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH. J. D. F. . M. F. . . . E. G. . . . J. T. G. . R. T. G. . F. J. G. . G. G. . . . A. G R. E. G. . W. A. G. . J. C. H. . , J. A. H. . . C. A. H. . P. J. H. . . T. F. H. . . C. H. H. . . W. A. S. H. W. H. W. H. H. . J. A. J. . . . C. L. K. . . J. K J. K. L. E. L S. L A. G. L. . J. D. FITZGERALD. DR. FRIEDLANDER. RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. J. T. GILBERT, LL.D., F.S.A. R. T. GLAZEBROOK, F.R.S. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR FREDERIC J. GOLDSMID, K.C.S.I., C.B. GORDON GOODWIN. THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. R. E. GRAVES. W. A. GREENHILL, M.D. J. CUTHBERT HADDEN. J. A. HAMILTON. C. ALEXANDER HARRIS. P. J. HARTOG. T. F. HENDERSON. PROFESSOR C. H. HERFORD. W. A. S. HEWINS. THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. THE REV. W. H. HUTTON. THE REV. J. A. JENKINS. C. L. KlNGSFORD. JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A. PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON. Miss ELIZABETH LEE. SIDNEY LEE. A. G. LITTLE. List of Writers. J. E. L. J. H. L. , , B. M J. C. M. . C. H. M. . L. M. M. . A. H. M. . H. M.. . . N. M. . . . G. P. M-Y. J. B. M. . G. LE G. N. K. N F. M. O'D. C. 0. . . . H. P. . . . A. F. P. . B. P. . . . D'A. P. . JOHN EDWARD LLOYD. THE EEV. J. H. LUPTON. THE EEV. ROBERT MACPHERSON, MR. JUSTICE MATHEW. THE EEV. C. H. MAYO. MlSS MlDDLETON. , A. H. MILLAR. HUGH MILLER. . NORMAN MOORE, M.D. . G. P. MORIARTY. . J. BASS MULLINGER. . G. LE GRYS NORGATE. . Miss KATE NORGATE. . F. M. O'DONOGHUE. . MlSS OSBORNE. . HENRY PATON. . A. F. POLLARD. . Miss PORTER. . D'ARCY POWER, F.E.C.S. E. B. P. . . E. B. PROSSER. G. N. E. . . G. N. EICHARDSON. J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG. T. B. S. . . T. BAILEY SAUNDERS. g THOMAS SECCOMBE. C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH. E. T. S. . . MRS. A. MURRAY SMITH. G. W. S. . . THE EEV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D. L. S LESLIE STEPHEN. G. S-H. . . . GEORGE STRONACH. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT. D. LL. T. . D. LLEUFER THOMAS. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. E Y THE EEV. CANON VENABLES. E. W EDWARD WALFORD. C. W-H. . . CHARLES WELCH, F.S.A. B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWARD. W. W. ... WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Masquerier MASQUERIER, JOHN JAMES (1778- 1855), painter, is stated to have been born at Chelsea in October 1778, the son of French parents, his mother's name being- Barbot, and on both sides descended from French refugee protestant families. Louis Masquerier a goldsmith in Coventry Street, Uaymarket, at the beginning of the eighteenth century whose widow, Madeleine Touchet, married .Reynolds Grignion, was possibly a relative Masquerier r- - D "^ J--^ooj.jj.j cl -LClttllVt! [see under GRIGNION, CHARLES, 171 7-18 10 1 According to the account given in the ' Gen- tleman's Magazine' (1855, pt. i. p. 510), Mas- querier had two elder brothers, who sought their fortunes in America, and a sister. Mas- querier studied at the Royal Academy and painted a portrait of himself as a boy '(now m the collection of Baroness Burdett Coutts) which was shown to George III, and gained lor him a travelling allowance from the Royal Academy, which enabled him to go to Paris to study. About 1789 he settled with his mother in the Champs-Elysees, while he studied painting under Francois Vincent at the luilenes. He was painting in this school at the time of the murder of the fcwiss Guards on 10 Aug. 1792, and nar- rowly escaped with his life. Masquerier made sketches from personal observation of many ol the most important events of the French revolution, such as the murder of the Prin- cesse de Lamballe and the trial of the king. lie Avas also acquainted with most of the leading notabilities of the time. In 1793, when the arrest was imminent of all English residents in France, he and his mother deter- mined to escape from Paris. His mother was, . however, arrested and thrown into prison, I along with Helen Maria Williams [q.v.l and ' others. She owed her life and liberty only to the fall of Robespierre and the events of VOL. XXXVII. the 10 Thermidor. Masquerier returned to London, and subsequently entered the studio of John Hoffner, 11. A.. [q.v.],many of whose pictures he completed. In 1793 he visited I the Isle of Wight, where he was the guest : oi John W ilkes [q. v.] In 1795 he began his professional career as an artist, and in 1796 . exhibited for the first time at the Royal Aca- I demy, sending a portrait and < The Incredulity i of St. Thomas ;' the latter formed the altar- piece of the chapel (once the hall of the house of Lord-chief-justice Jeffreys [q. v.]) in Duke btreet, Westminster. In 1800 Masquerier revisited Paris, and through the interest of Madame Tallien, whose portrait he painted he was able to make a drawing of Napoleon Bonaparte as first consul. This he brought to England, and with the help of other notes painted a picture of ' Napoleon reviewing the Consular Guards in the Court of theTuileries ' which he exhibited in Piccadilly in 1801 (now in the collection of Baroness Burdett Coutts) I his picture attracted large crowds as the first authentic likeness of Napoleon exhibited in England. It also drew, however, on Mas- querier a bitter attack from * Peter Porcu- pine' (William Cobbett [q. v.]), who accused him of being an alien spy and emissary of Napoleon. Masquerier rebutted the scandal by producing the register of his birth at Chelsea. Masquerier continued to paint and exhibit portraits, which reached in twentv- eight years a total of over four hundred. He also occasionally sent to the Royal Aca- demy a subject picture, such as < The Fortune Teller' (1800), ' Petrarch and Laura' (1803) 'January and May' (1808). In 1814 he fetched his mother from Paris, and provided for her maintenance in England. It was probably on this journey that he painted a portrait of Emma, lady Hamilton [q. v.] Massereene Massey In the following year he visited the field of Waterloo and made a painting of ' La Belle Alliance ' (now in the collection of Baroness Burdett Coutts). He also drew a portrait of Napoleon's guide, J. B. Coster. In 1823 he retired from his profession, having amassed a comfortable fortune, and settled at Brighton, where he resided for the remainder of his life. He revisited Paris in 1850, and in 1851 made a tour in Germany with Henry Crabb Robin- son [q. v.] Masquerier still painted occa- sionally after his retirement ; in 1831 he exhibited i A. Marriage in the Church of St. Germain 1'Auxerrois, Paris,' and in 1838 ' Buonaparte and Marie Louise viewing the Tomb of Charles the Bold at Bruges.' He died at Brighton on 13 March 1855. His remaining pictures, sketch-books, &c., became the property of a relative, Mr. D. E. Forbes, and were sold by auction at Christie's on 19 Jan. 1878. A number of his sketch- books are in the possession of his friend, Baroness Burdett Coutts. Among the notabilities painted by him were Miss Mellon and Miss O'Neil (both in the collection of Baroness Burdett Coutts), and Warren Hastings (engraved by S. Free- man for Cadell's ' Portraits '), besides many of his personal friends and relations. Mas- querier was a well-known and popular figure in a certain class of cultivated and intel- lectual society, numbering among his friends Sir Francis Burdett, bart. [q. v.], and his daughter, Baroness Burdett Coutts. He was also on intimate terms with Henry Crabb Robinson (in whose diaries he is often men- tioned), John Kenyon [q. v.], and Michael Faraday [q. v.], who never forgot some assist- ance which Masquerier rendered him in early days. Thomas Campbell, the poet, described Masquerier as ' a pleasant little fellow, with French vivacity ' (see BEATTIE, Life of Camp- bell). Masquerier painted his own portrait more than once. He married in 1812 Rachel, widow of Dr. Robert Eden Scott, professor of moral phi- losophy at Aberdeen, daughter of Duncan Forbes, esq., of Thainstone; she died in 1850, leaving no children. [Gent. Mag. 1855, new ser. xliii. 540 ; Ottley's Diet, of Recent and Livi ng Painters ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists : Diaries of Henry Crabb Ro- binson ; information from Baroness Burdett Coutts and George Scharf, esq., C.B.] L. C. MASSEREENE, VISCOUNTS. [See CLOT- WORTHY, SIR JOHN, d. 1665 ; SKEFFINGTON, SIR JOHN, d. 1695.] MASSEY, SIR ED WARD (1619 P-1674 ?), major-general, was the fifth son of John Massey of Coddington, Cheshire, and Anne, i daughter of Richard Grosvenor of Eaton (ORMEROD, Hist, of Cheshire, ed. 1882, ii. 729, 732). The story that Edward Massey served as an apprentice on London Bridge and ran away to Holland seems improbable, but he may have been in the Low Countries as a * soldier of fortune ' before the outbreak of the first Scottish war in 1639, by which date he had returned to England (CLARENDON, Hist, of Rebellion, ed. 1888, bk. vii. 158). Massey then took service in Charles's army as captain of pioneers in Colonel William Legge's regiment (ib.) At the commencement of the English civil war in 1042 Massey joined the king at York, but, dissatisfied with his preferment, went over to the parliament, and became lieutenant-colonel in a foot regiment under Henry Grey, first earl of Stamford [q. v.], (PEACOCK, Army Lists of the Hound- heads and Cavaliers, p. 27).- He was present at Worcester (23 Sept. 1642), after which his regiment was sent to Hereford and to Gloucester, where the Earl of Stamford was appointed governor (December 1642). The Earl of Stamford soon afterwards marched west against Hopton, and Massey was left behind as deputy-governor with one regi- ment. From this time until 1645 Massey played an important part in the war in the west, first in defending Gloucester from royalist attacks, and secondly in using that city as a basis from which to conquer the surround- ing country. The first royalist attack took place before Massey had been in command many weeks. On 7 Jan. 1643 Prince Rupert appeared before Gloucester, summoned and prepared to storm the city, but withdrew next day to Oxford. Massey now tried to strengthen his position by seizing the places of strength in the neighbourhood. He took Sudeley Castle, the seat of Lord Chandos, on 29 Jan., but abandoned it a few days later, after Rupert had stormed Cirencester (2 Feb.) In March a Welsh army, under Lord Herbert, advanced to Highnam, expecting to be joined by Rupert in a combined attack on Glou- cester. On 23 March an attack was made on the Welsh troops at Highnam, in which Massey himself took part ; and the next day, with the aid of Waller, the Welsh were de- feated and Highnam taken, nearly fifteen hundred prisoners being led into Gloucester. Massey then took Tewkesbury, and, with Waller, tried unsuccessfully to prevent Prince Maurice crossing the Severn at Upton Bridge ; they were beaten at Ripple Field on 12 April 1643 (CORBET, ' Historical Relation' in Bibliotheca Glove, p. 33). Still attempt- ing to make Gloucester secure on the western side, Massey and Waller took Hereford, and Massey cleared the eastern side of that county. Mas- sey now became governor of Gloucester. The defeat of Waller at Roundway Down (13 July 1643), followed by the surrender of j Bristol, exposed Gloucester to greater danger, j The sole force at Massey's command con- sisted of two regiments of foot and two him- ' dred horse, and a few trained bands and re- | formadoes -in all some fifteen hundred men. As the king's intention of besieging Glou- cester became apparent, Massey opened nego- tiations with the royalists, either to gain time or possibly with the real intention of handing the city over to the king (see WAR- BURTON, Prince' Rupert, ii. 278, 280; CLAREN- DON, Hist, of Rebellion, bk. vii. 158 ; GAR- DINER, Hist . of the Great Civil War, i. 233). On 10 Aug. the king's army appeared before j the walls, and the siege continued till 5 Sept., | when it was raised on the Earl of Essex's i approach. The general supplied the town with ammunition (of which only three bar- rels remained at the end of the siege), but was unable to leave any troops behind. On 15 Sept. the thanks of both houses of par- liament and a sum of 1,000/. were voted to Massey (Commons' Journals, iii. 241 ; cf. GARDINER, Hist, of Great Civil War, vol. i. chap. x. ; WASHBOURN'S Bibliotheca Glou- cestrensis). Massey, now anxious to act on the offensive, vainly sought to get either supplies from parliament or another com- mission in the army. During October 1643 the royalists were gradually surrounding Gloucester, and frequent skirmishes took place, especially with Sir John Wintour's garrison in the Forest of Dean, at Berkeley, and Bruckthorpe Hill, where Massey was beaten. A vain attempt was made by the royalists in mid-winter to win Gloucester through the expected treachery of Captain Backhouse, who acted throughout with cog- nisance of Massey (CoEBET, Relation, \\i supra, p. 78). In March 1644 the command of the royalist forces in Herefordshire and the neighbourhood was given to Colonel Nicholas Mynne. In April 1644 Massey was reinforced and able to act on the offensive, attacking the royalists in Herefordshire and taking Westbury, Xewnham (garrisoned by Sir John Wintour's troops), and Beverston Castle, and shortly afterwards Malmesbury and Tewkesbury. Lydney and Berkeley alone remained to the king in Gloucestershire, but Massey's deficiency in men and money ham- pered his movements. In the early summer of 1644 Massey was again able to take the field against Mynne, who was planning a combined attack by the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire royalists on the city. The design failed, however, Massey owing to the defeat and death of Mynne at Eldersfield (August 1644) (ib. p. 111). In September Massey destroyed Beachley Camp and took Monmouth (24 Sept.) But his suc- cess became the cause of failure. Massey could not garrison the places he had won, and Beachley was retaken after a desperate struggle, in which Massey's head-piece was knocked off by the butt-end of a musket ; Monmouth and Chepstow were also taken by the royalists (ib. p. 127). Rupert now made another attack on the counties round Gloucester, and Massey failed to take Lydney, which was, however, soon deserted by the royalists and fired. He was beaten by Rupert at Led bury on 22 April 1645, but on 26 May took Evesham. He was made general of the Western Associa- tion on 24 May (Lords' Journals, vii. 393), i. e. of the forces raised by the five counties of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset, and Wilts. During the campaigns of 1045 and 1646 Massey co-operated with Fairfax in the re- duction of the west. He joined Fairfax in July 1645 near Taunton. routed General Porter at Ilminster on 9 July, and took part in the storming of Bridgwater (CARTE, Ori- ginal Letters, i. 131 ; SPRIGGE, Anglia Redi- viva, pp. 70, 77). He was afterwards sent to Taunton, apparently to prevent Goring from marching northwards. Throughout the rest of the year and the winter of 1645-6 he remained in Somerset and Devonshire, block- | ing the king's garrisons, especially Barn- I staple, and taking Warham and other places. In July 1640 he took his seat in parliament ! as member for Gloucester, and on 20 Oct. \ his brigade was disbanded at Devizes by order of both houses (LuDLOW, Memoirs, ed. 1722, ! ii. 181). In the struggle between the par- I liament and the army, the presbyteriaii I leaders endeavoured to make use of M'assey's : skill and popularity, and during the summer i of 1047 he became one of the leaders of the | city against the army, along with Waller and Poyntz; was named Commander-in-chief of I the city forces ; and on 30 July joined the presbyterian committee of safety. On 2 April 1647 parliament appointed Massey lieutenant- general of horse, under Skippon, in the army intended to be sent to Ireland. Bat the officers of the new model were disinclined to serve under him, some alleging that he was ' a profane man, and unfit for a command,' the real objection being that he was l not of the faction which they call the army' (WAL- LER, Vindication, p. 84). The army on 16 June on its arrival in London impeached him and ten others on the ground of their designing to raise a new civil war (for charges B 2 Massey Massey see Old Parliamentary Hist. xvi. 70, 116), and on the approach of the army to London Massey fled to Holland. On 9 Aug., to- gether with Poyntz, he published an apology explaining their flight and justifying their action (RUSHWORTH, Collections, vii. 765). Massey, although summoned to appear in parliament before 16 Oct. 1647 and answer the charges, did not return to take his seat till early in September 1648. From that time till his exclusion by Pride's Purge (6 Dec.) he sat and voted with the presby- terians. On 12 Dec. he was imprisoned with Waller, but escaped on 18 Jan. from St. James's to Holland (ib. vii. 1394 ; CLAREN- DON, Hist, of Rebellion, xi. 208 ; Clarendon State Papers, i. 464). Massey now definitely took service under the king, and spent some time at the Hague and later at Breda. He was one of the few English royalists whom the Scots allowed to attend on Charles II. In preparation for Charles's invasion he was appointed lieu- tenant-general and second in command of a regiment of horse to be raised by the Duke of Buckingham (HEATH, Chronicle, ed. 1663, pp. 505, 529). Massey was made governor of Kirkcaldy ; he kept the bridge five miles east of Stirling with a brigade of horse against Cromwell, and took part in the battle of Inverkeithing on 20 July 1651 (WHITELOCK, p. 472). When Charles marched into Eng- land, Massey preceded him, and vainly at- tempted to induce the Lancashire presby- terians, with whom he had some personal influence, to join the king (CLARENDON, Hist. of Rebellion, xiii. 68). He took part in the skirmish at Warrington Bridge, and on 29 Aug. tried in vain to hold Upton Bridge against Lambert. In the fight Massey was injured, and was therefore unable to take part in the battle of Worcester (3 Sept.) ; he, however, accompanied Charles in his flight as far as Droitwich, where he fell be- hind and threw himself on the protection of Lady Stamford at Broadgate, Leicestershire (ib. xiii. 73, 136; GARY, Memorials of Civil War, pp. 376, 381). When sufficiently recovered he was moved to London for trial, and, after making an ineffectual attempt to escape, was lodged in the Tower (November 1651). He escaped, however, in August 1652, and fled to Holland (CLARENDON, Hist. of Rebellion, xiii. 137), and for some years worked, as one of the leaders of the presby- terian party, to bring about the return of Charles. In spite of plotting and negotia- ting, Massey was looked upon with distrust by the royalists. Sir Walter Strickland wrote of him in December 1649 : ' And truly I have not yet seen a man thrust himself into a business with less advantage than he did. It seems that he had rather play at a small game than stand out ' (CARY, Memorials of Civil War, ii. 203). Hyde also wrote of Massey as 'a wonderfully vain and weak man' (Clarendon State Papers, iii. 144) Massey seems, however, to have been useful to Charles in negotiations with the English presbyterians. He visited England in 1654 and 1656 on this business, and again after | Oliver Cromwell's death. In 1655 he was in Denmark (Clarendon State Papers, in the Bodleian, iii. 67), and in 1657 mention is ! made of his possible employment by the Spaniards (ib. p. 399). In 1659 Massey was busy round Gloucester preparing for a rising, but was betrayed by Sir Richard Willis and was taken. He escaped at NympsfieldHill on 31 July 1659 (CLARENDON, Hist, of Rebellion, xvi. 25, 31 , 37). In January 1660 Charles empowered him to renew his attempts on Gloucester, and appointed him governor. Massey, after conferring with General Monck in London, arrived in the city in March ! (Clarendon State Papers, iii. 646, 647), and i represented it in the Convention parliament (cf. THFRLOE, vii. 854, 865, 872, 877). After the Restoration he was rewarded by knighthood (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 199), and on 16 May by a vote of 1,000/., which was increased by a second vote of 3,000/. on 19 Dec. (Commons' 1 Journals, viii. 215). In September he was appointed go- vernor of Jamaica, but does not seem to have gone thither, as he was elected M.P. for Gloucester in April 1661. In 1665 he was appointed one of the commissioners of prizes (ib. 1664-5, p. 245), and during the Dutch war was commander of auxiliary troops to be raised by himself (ib. 1665-6, p. 520). He continued to sit in parliament until his death, which took place, according to Le Neve, in Ireland either towards the end of 1674 or the beginning of 1675 (LE NEVE, Pedigrees of Knights, pp. 51-2 ; Names of Members returned to serve in Parliament, i. 523; Accounts and Papers, vol. Ixii.) He was unmarried. Massey, as a strong presbyterian and a pronounced enemy of independency, was op- posed to Charles I on religious rather than on political grounds. He was straightfor- ward and honest (none of the charges brought against him have been proved), and of great personal bravery. He had also the power of winning the confidence of those about him. In person he was of a ' middle stature/ with * brown hair ' and ' sanguine complexion ' (A New Hue and Cry. after Major- General Massey and some others, London, 1652). Por- traits of him appear in Ricraft's ' Survey of Massey Massey England's Champions ' (ed. 1647, chap, xv.), and with the ' Verses on the Siege of Glouces- ter and Colonel Massey/ 1647. [Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, ed. Washbourn, Gloucester, 1825, containing reprints of the most important tracts, &c., relating to Massey's go- vernorship of Gloucester, including reprint of Corbet's Historical Kelation of the Military Go- j vernment of Gloucester, originally printed in j 1645. For Massey's pedigree, Ormerod's His- ! tory of Cheshire; for letters Cal. State Papers, j Dom. 1644 and 1645. Other authorities are re- j ferred to in the text.] G. N. E. MASSEY, EYRE, first BARON CLARIXA ] (1719-1804), general, born on 24 May 1719, was fifth son of Colonel Hugh Massey of Duntryleague, co. Limerick, and his wife Elizabeth, fourth daughter of the Right Hon. George Evans, father of George, first baron Carbery. His eldest brother was Hugh, first lord Massey. In a memorial of his services j (Home Office Papers, Ireland, vol. ccccxl.) he states that he ' purchased a pair of colours ' i in the 27th foot in 1739, and went with the regiment to the West Indies as lieu- tenant of the grenadiers. The 27th foot, of which General William Blakeney (afterwards Lord Blakeney [q. v.]) was colonel, was at Porto Bello, with Admiral Vernoii, in 1739, and the few survivors returned home in De- ; cember 1740. The English military records show the dates of Massey's commissions in the 27th foot as ensign, 25 Jan. 1741 ; hitherto 3 Nov. 1741 (Home Office Mil Entry Book, \ xviii. 47, 243). Massey served with his regi- ment in Scotland in 1745-1746, and was made captain-lieutenant, and captain in the regi- , ment by the Duke of Cumberland, apparently in 1747 (z'6.), captain 24 May 1751, and major 10 Dec. 1755. In 1757 he went out to North America as a major 46th foot, of which he be- came lieutenant-colonel in 1758, and the year ! after commanded the regiment in the expedi- j tion to Niagara, succeeding to the command of the king's troops when Brigadier-general , Prideaux was killed. Massey states (Me- morial, ut supra) that as Sir William John- j son [q. v.j was in command of a large body of Indians, who were lukewarm in our cause, he j waived the chief command in favour of John- i son. Massey commanded in the action at La Belle Eamille, where with five hundred of the 46th and some Indians he routed eighteen hundred French regulars and Ca- nadians, toget her with five hundred Indians, taking all the French officers but one pri- soners. This action took place in view of Fort Niagara, which surrendered immedi- ately afterwards, leaving the whole region of the Upper Ohio in possession of the Eng- lish (PARKMAN, ii. 247-). This was the first time at which Indians, according to Massey, were beaten in this war (Memorial, ut supra). Massey was transferred to his old regiment, the 27th Inniskillings, at his own request, and commanded the grenadiers of the army in the advance on Montreal in 1760. He commanded a battalion of grenadiers at the capture of Martinique in 1761, and at the conquest of Havana in 1762. He was several times severely wounded ($.) He commanded the 27th 'the Enniskillen Regiment' he styles it in his letters at New York and Quebec in 1763-9, and afterwards in Ireland. He was appointed colonel of the regiment on 19 Feb. 1773. As a major-general he went out to Nova Scotia in 1776, and commanded the troops at Halifax for four years. Later he held command at Cork. A plan of his for the defence of Cork in 1780 is in British Museum Add. MS. 33178, f. 240. For many following years he appears to have remained unemployed. In some letters to General Sir John Vaughan about 1793-4 (Egerton MS. 2137, if. 76, 93, 140), Massey relates his disappointments in not obtaining a command (as lieutenant-general), and his vex- ations at the appointment by the Marquis of Buckingham, the lord-lieutenant, of 'Popish children' (Master Talbot, aged eight, Master Skerritt, aged nine, and others), to ensigncies in his regiment. ' Indeed, my dear brother grenadier, my heart is broke.' The carrying of the standards taken at Martinique in 1794 in state to St. Paul's appears to have greatly roused his ire. ' We had no such honours paid to our noble and brave commander, General Monckton ! ' Later in 1794 he writes in quite a jubilant strain, having obtained the Cork command, which he held until his promotion to full general in 1796. The com- mand was a critical one, seeing, among other causes, the difficulties with new regiments, which the government persisted in ' drafting ' in defiance of their recruiting engagements. He quelled a mutiny of two thousand of these young troops at Spike Island in 1795, ' which was near being a very serious busi- ness, but by General Massey's exertions they laid down their arms' (see Mil. Library, vol. viii.) In a letter to the Duke of Portland, dated 9 Nov. 1800, the Marquis Cornwallis states that Massey had ' most strongly urged upon him' that his wife should be made a peeress in her own right, as a reward for his own ' long and faithful services as a soldier and his zealous loyalty as a subject' (Corn- wallis Correspondence, iii. 301). Massey was raised to the peerage of Ireland on 27 Dec. 1800, under the title of Baron Clarina of Elm Park, co. Limerick. He died a full general, colonel of the 27th Inniskilling foot, marshal Massey Massey of the army in Ireland, and governor of Lime- rick and of the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, on 17 May 1804, aged 85. Massey married Catherine, sister of Robert Clements, first earl of Leitrim, by whom he had four children. Two of his successors in the title his second and only surviving son, Nathaniel William, second baron, who died a major-general on the staff in the West Indies in 1810, and his great-grandson, the present and fourth baron, who served in the 95th regiment in the Crimea and the Indian mutiny have risen to general's rank. [Burke's and Foster's Peerages, under ' Cla- rina' and 'Massy;' Lodge's Peerage, vii. 162; Memorial of Services, Home Office Papers, Ire- land, vol. cccoxl. ; see also Printed Calendars of Home Office Papers from 1770; Parkman's Mont- calm and Wolfe, London, 1884 ; Brit. Mil. Li- brary, vol. viii. 1799.] H. M. C. MASSEY, JOHN (1651 P-1715), catholic divine, born about 1651, was son (according to the entry in the Oxford matriculation re- gister) of John Massey, ' pleb.,' of Bristol, So- merset. His father is said to have been a presbyterian minister, at one time settled in Wiltshire. Becoming clerk at Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford, in 1666, he matriculated there on 26 Nov. 1669, at the age of eighteen, and graduated B. A. from Magdalen Hall in 1673. Meanwhile in 1072 he was elected a fellow of Merton, proceeded M.A. on 29 Jan. 1675- 1676, and was senior proctor in 1684. After the accession of James II he became a Roman catholic. Dodd states that for several years he had ' entertained some thoughts that way, by the instructions he received under' Oba- diah Walker, master of University College. Walker's influence, or that of Philip Ellis (see Ellis Correspondence), secured him in October 1686 the deanery of Christ Church, which had been vacant since Fell's death in June, and of which Aldrich and Parker had had expectations. Burnet asserts that Massey ' had neither the gravity, the learning, nor the age that was suitable to such a dignity,' and Macaulay is equally depreciatory; but Dodd describes him as < well skilled in the classics, and much esteemed for his talent in preaching.' It is expressly stated in the king's I letter granting him a dispensation from the oaths that he had not taken priest's orders. I He fitted up a catholic chapel in Canterbury quadrangle, and James heard mass in it when | staying at the deanery in September 1687. I Massey, like Walker, was appointed a magis- | trate for Oxfordshire, and there was talk, ac- j cording to Luttrell, of a mandamus being sent to the university to make him a D.D. Had this idea been carried out, he would have , been not merely the first deacon dean, but I the first deacon D.D. He was one of the six founders of the Oxford Chemical Society in 1683, and he is styled 'mon bon ami' by the scholarly Abbe de Longuerue, to whom, in proof of the perfidy of James's ministers, he related a curious story of his receiving what falsely purported to be a royal order, countersigned by Sunderland, for the expul- sion of the eighty students of Christ Church, unless they embraced Romanism. Massey says he went up to London to remonstrate, whereupon James disclaimed all knowledge of the order, and commended him for not obeying it. After the arrival of William III in Eng- land Massey left Oxford for London before daybreak on 30 Nov. 1688, in company with Thomas Deane, a fellow of University, who had also become a catholic, and secretly em- barked for France. He repaired to St. Ger- main, was admitted on 17 Sept. 1692 as a student at Douay, was ordained priest, and returning to Paris, resided in the Oratorian seminary of St. Magloire till 1696, when he became chaplain to the English Conceptionist nunnery, or the convent of Blue Nuns, in Paris. In this obscure post he remained till his death on 11 Aug. 1715. [Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 348, 393 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ; Luttrell's Diary ; Gutch's Collectanea Curio&a; Burnet's Hist, of his Own Time; Longueruana, Berlin, 1754; Brodrick's Memorials of Merton, Oxford, 1885; Macaulay's Hist, of Eng^nd, chap. vi. ; T. F. Knox's Diaries of Donai, London, 1878 ; Foster s Alumni Oxon. 1500-1715; Welch's Alumni Westmonasterienses, p. 28 ; Bloxam's Eeg. of Magdalen Coll. Oxford, ii- 75.] J. G. A. MASSEY, WILLIAM (1691-1764?), miscellaneous writer and translator, born in January 1691 of quaker parents, learnt Latin, Greek, and French at a private grammar school kept by William Thompson at Not- tingham, and afterwards took lessons in Hebrew from one Knobs, clerk of the parish of St. Gregory, Norwich. In 1 7 1 2 he became Latin usher in a boarding-school at Half- farthing-house, Wandsworth, Surrey, kept' by Richard Scoryer, after whose death in 1714 he continued in the same employment for about a year under Scoryer's successor, Edward Powell, a noted writing-master and accountant. Subsequently he conducted a boarding-school of his own for many years at Wandsworth, and it was much patronised by the Society of Friends. Dr. Birch notes that on 24 March 1764 Massey was seized with the dead palsy on his right side, and under date 28 Aug. following he adds : < I visited him at his house on Cambridge Heath, near Hackney, and found him very Massev Massie ill of tlie stone, added to the palsy.' Pro- bably he died shortly afterwards. He was the author of: 1. 'MusaParrenetica, or a Tractate of Christian Epistles, on sun- dry occasions, in verse/ London, 1717, 8vo ; reprinted 17-16. 2. ' Synopsis Sacerrima, or an Epitome of the Holy Scriptures, in Eng- lish verse/ London, 1719, 8 vo : reprinted 1801. 3. 'Pietas Promota, sive Collectio Novissima Verba Multorum illius Sectae, quiapud Anglos vulgo Quaker! appellant ur, exhibens. . . . Lingua veruacula olim . . . conscripta . . . jam vero . . . latino reddita/ London, 1737, l2mo. Translated from Tomkins's 'Piety Promoted.' 4. ' Adhortatio Pathetica . . . being a translation of Benjamin Holme's Serious Call into Latin/ London, 1747, 8vo. 5. ' Humanse Vitas (Economia : sive Insti- tuta ad formandos Hominum Mores. Prim urn Anglice a Roberto Dodsley conscripta. Nunc Latino reddita/ London,1752,8vo. 6,'Tully's Compendious Treatise of Old Age ; intitled Cato Major . . . translated into English, with copious notes/ London, 1753, 8vo 7. 'Cor- ruptse Latiiiitatis Index, or a Collection of Barbarous Words and Phrases which are found in the works of the most cele- brated Writers in Latin/ London, 1755, 8vo. 8. ' Ovid's Fasti . . . translated into English verse, with explanatory notes/ London, 1757, 8vo. 9. ' Remarks upon Milton's Paradise Lost, Historical, Geographical, Critical, and Explanatory/ London, 1761 , 12mo. 10. ' The Origin and Progress of Letters ; an Essay/ 2 pts. London, 1763, 8vo. The second part of this curious book, treating of caligraphy, contains particulars not elsewhere recorded of the lives of celebrated English penmen, * with the titles and characters of the books that they published both from the Ptolling and Letter-Press.' [Addit, MS. 6211, if. 123, 127; Ayscough's Cat. of MSS. p. 749 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 1509 ; Massey's Origin and Progress of Letters, pp. 115-18, and Dr. Birch's MS. notes; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 310, 311 ; Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books, ii. 157 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] T. C. MASSEY, WILLIAM NATHANIEL (1809-1881), member of parliament and historian, son of William Massev, was born in 1809, and was a member of the Clarina family. He was called to the bar in 1844, and became recorder of Portsmouth in 1852 and of Plymouth in 1855. In the same year he was returned to parliament in the liberal interest as member for Newport in the Isle of Wight, and sat for that borough until 1857, when the moderate liberal party in Manchester, while inviting Mr. Robert Lowe to oppose Gibson and Bright in that city, extended a similar invitation to Massey to contest Salford against Sir Elkanah Ar- mitage. Massey, wiser than Lowe, responded to the summons, and gained the seat with an ease astonishing to all who were not ac- j quainted with the personal unpopularity of j his opponent. His return for so important | a borough made him a person of consequence ; I he was already under-secretary for the home ! department, and although he lost this ap- pointment on Lord Palmerston's resignation in 1858, he was elected chairman of com- mittees after the dissolution of the follow- ing year. He continued to sit for Salford until 1863, when he succeeded Mr. Samuel Laing as financial member of the govern- ment of India, a position which he held un- til 1868. He possessed high qualifications for this important post, but his efficiency in it, as well as in the chair of the house in committee, was thought to be impaired by his constitutional indolence. He was made a privy-councillor 011 his return to England, was elected for Tiverton in 1872, and sat until his death, but took no prominent part in politics, and did not again hold office. He died in Chester Square on 25 Oct. 1881. He was a devoted follower of Lord Palmer- ston, and both by conviction and tempera- ment averse to political innovation. He was personally popular both in the house and among his constituents ; his abilities were considerable, his legal and financial knowledge extensive, but he lacked energy and ambition. He wrote an essay on legal reform entitled ' Common Sense versus Common Law ; ' but his only important literary performance is an unfinished history of the reign of George III, extending to the peace of Amiens, 4 vols. London, 1855-1863 (2nd edit. 1865). In writing this book he had the assistance of the extensive materials collected by Mr. E. H. Locker for his intended biography of George II ; his style is lucid, and his general treatment of the subject sen- sible and impartial ; but he is devoid of all distinctive characteristics, and exhibits the qualities neither of a picturesque nor of a philosophic historian. [Annual Kegister, 1881 ; Times, 27 Oct. 1881 ; private information.] E. Gr. MASSIE, JAMES WILLIAM (1799- 1869), independent minister, born in Ireland in 1799, was educated by Dr. David Bogue [q. v.], and began his ministry as a missionary in India. After labouring there from 1822 until 1839, he returned home, and was pastor in Perth, Dublin, and Salford, but subse- quently removed to London, where he became secretary to the Home Missionary Society. Massie 8 Massie He was an advocate of free trade, the anti- slavery movement, and an ardent member of the union and emancipation societies that were formed during the civil war in America. Massie visited America several times, on the last occasion as one of the deputation ap- pointed to convey to ministers there the ad- dress adopted at the ministerial anti-slavery conference held in the Free Trade Hall, Man- chester, on 3 June 1863. He was also fre- quently in Ireland in connection with ' re- vival work.' Massie died in Kingstown, near Dublin, on 8 May 1869. He was married, and left a son, Milton, and two daughters. He was D.D., LL.D., and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. His portrait by Wageman was engraved by Holl (EVANS, Cat. of En- graved Portraits, ii. 274). Besides numerous pamphlets and sermons Massie published: 1. ' Continental India,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1840. 2. 'Recollec- tions of a Tour : a Summer Ramble in Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland/ 8vo, London, 1846. 3. ' The Evangelical Alli- ance ; its Origin and Development,' 8vo, London, 1847. 4. ' The American Crisis, in relation to the Anti-Slavery Cause,' 8vo, London, 1862. 5. 'America: the Origin of her present Conflict ; her Prospect for the Slave, and her Claim for Anti - Slavery Sympathy ; illustrated by Incidents of Travel . . . in . . . 1863 throughout the United States,' 8vo, London, 1864. [Massie's Works ; Cooper's Regist. and Mag. of Biog. 1869, i. 472, ii. 54; Appleton's Cyclop, of Amer. Biog.] G. G. MASSIE, JOSEPH (d. 1784), writer on trade and finance, united a profound knowledge of the economic literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with a keen interest in the economic difficulties of his own time. He formed a collection of some fifteen hundred treatises, extending from 1557 to 1763, and the study of these served to make him upon the whole a dis- criminating critic, though he was too much inclined to judge events of his own day in the light of the past. The catalogue of his collection, dated 1764, is Lansdowne MS. 1049 in the British Museum, and affords much valuable information regarding eco- nomic bibliography. His chief aim was to establish ' commercial knowledge upon fixed principles,' and he devoted a great portion of his time to the compilation of statistics, which traversed the vague contemporary impression that British trade was declining, and illustrate in an important manner the gradual expansion and relative distribution of our industries and commerce during the middle of the last century. His schemes met apparently with little encouragement either from the public or from the statesmen to whom he dedicated his works, for he had ceased to write, or at least to publish, twenty years before his death, which took place in iiolborn on 1 Nov. 1784 (Gent. Mag. 1784, pt. ii. p. 876). Massie's writings, exclusive of tables of calculations published in single folio sheets, are : 1. l An Essay on the Governing Causes- of the Natural Rate of Interest, wherein the Sentiments of Sir W. Petty and Mr. Locke on that head are considered,' 8vo, Lon- don, 1750. He here refutes the notion of Locke that the rate of interest depends on the abundance of money by showing, as Hume did two years later in his ' Essay on Interest,' that the rate of interest really de- pends on the abundance and scarcity of dis- posable capital compared with the demands of the borrowers and the rate of profit. To Hume is usually assigned the credit of having been the first to point out the fallacy of Locke's opinion. 2. i Calculations of Taxes for a Family of each Rank, Degree, or Class, for One Year,' 8vo, London, 1756 ; 2nd edit. 1761. 3. 'Observations on Mr. Fauquier*s "Essay on Ways and Means for Raising- Money for the Support of the Present War," f 8vo, London, 1756 [see FATJQTTIER, FRANCIS]. Fauquier's project was a moderate house tax, which Massie deprecated (cf. No. 6). 4. ' Ways and Means for Raising the Extraordi nary Sup- plies to carry on the War for Seven Years, pt. i.,' 8vo, London, 1757. A collection of valuable statistics on the growth of English trade during the first half of the eighteenth century, prefaced by an apparently serious proposal to impose a tax on bachelors and widowers. 5. ' Considerations on the Leather Trades of Great Britain,' 8vo, London, 1757. 6. ' The Proposal, commonly called Sir Mat- thew Decker's Scheme, for one General Tax upon Houses, laid open,' 8vo, London, 1757. pecker's project was the repeal of all exist- ing taxes and the substitution of a single graduated house tax, so completely freeing trade from artificial restraint. Massie criti- cises ^this early plea for abolition of customs by simply demonstrating the fact that it was opposed to the first principles of protec- tion, on which subject he shared the views of the majority (see under No. 13 and art. DECKER). 7. ' A Letter to Bourchier Cleave [sic] . . . concerning his Calculations of Taxes,' 8vo, London, 1757. Massie demon- strates that the taxes could not amount to anything like half the sum as stated by B. Cleeve [q. v.] in his Letter to Lord Chester- Massie Massingberd field/ 1756. 8. ' Facts which shew the Neces- sity of Establishing a Regular Method for the Punctual, Frequent, and Certain Payment of Seamen employed in the Royal Navy,' 4to, London, 1758. 9. ' Reasons humbly offered against laying any farther British Duties on Wrought Silks/ 4to, London, 1758. 10. 'A Plan for the Establishment of Charity Houses for Exposed or Deserted Women and Girls ; Observations concerning the Found- ling Hospital ; Considerations relating to the Poor and Poor's Laws/4to, London, 1758. Of this important work, which inveighs against the old law of settlement and advocates a national rather than a parochial settlement for the poor, a full account is given in Dr. Cunningham's ' Growth of England/ ii. 384-7. 11. 'Farther Observations concerning the Foundling Hospital/ 4to, London, 1759. 12. 'A State of the British Sugar Colony Trade/ 4to, London, 1759. 13. 'A Repre- sentation concerning the Knowledge of Com- merce as a National Concern, pointing out the proper Means of Promoting such Know- ledge in this Kingdom/ 4to, London, 1760. England, he maintained, had nothing to apprehend, but everything to gain, from the publication of facts and statistics relative to commerce. He therefore proposed to divide his historical account of every branch of manufacture into sixteen heads, under one or other of which fragments of information might be classified, in the hope that the whole account would sooner or later be made sufficiently complete. In the same work he attributes the retention of British industries to four causes : (1) Possession of better materials : (2) Natural advantages in regard to labour and navigation ; (3) Superior skill and spirit, the latter due to the secure enjoy- ment of liberty and property ; (4) Protection from foreign manufactures. 14. ' Observa- tions relating to the Coin of Great Britain/ 4to, London, 1760. 15. ' Brief Observations concerning the Management of the War/ '2nd edit. 8vo, London, 1761. 16. ' An His- torical Account of the Naval Power of France/ 4to, London, 1762. 17. 'Observa- tions relating to British and Spanish Pro- ceedings/ 4to, London, 1702. 18. 'Obser- vations on the new Cyder Tax, so far as the same may affect our Woollen Manufacturies/ &c., fol. London, 1764; another edition, in 4to, the same year. He opposed the tax strongly on the ground that it would denude Devonshire of its population and strengthen the tendency for the woollen manufacture to migrate from the cider counties into York- shire. His 'Memorandum to the Land-hold- ers of England, 1768,' is in Additional MS. 33056, f. 285, in the British, Museum. In the Breadalbane sale at Edinburgh in 1866 was an almost complete set of Massie's i tracts, bound up together as a thick quarto ! volume ; a similar set (if it be not this iden- tical one) is at present in Dr. Cunningham's possession. [Cunningham's Growth of English Industry ' and Commerce in Modern Times, ii. 426, and elsewhere ; McCulloch's Lit. Pol.Econ. pp. 251, 3801 ; Coquelin and Guillaumin's Diet, de rEconomie Politique, ii. 144 ; Roscher's Pol. Econ. i. 150 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. v. 241, ix. 119.] G. G. MASSINGBERD,FRANCIS CHARLES (1800-1872), chancellor of Lincoln, the son of Francis Massingberd, rector of Washing- borough, near Lincpln, and Elizabeth, his wife, youngest daughter of William Burrell Massingberd of OrmsbyHall, was born at his father's rectory, 3 Dec. 1800, and baptised 30 Dec. After preparatory education at a school at Eltham, Kent, he entered Rugby School under Dr. Wooll in 1814. He ma- I triculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and | was elected a demy, 23 July 1818. He | gained a second class in literce humaniores,fm<\ graduated B.A. 5 Dec. 1822, M.A. 26 June 1825. He was ordained deacon by Edward Legge, bishop of Oxford, 13 June 1824, and priest by Bishop Tomline [q. v.] of Lincoln, 5 Sept. 1825, and was instituted to the family living of South Ormsby, Lincolnshire, on 9 Dec. of that year. He had during the pre- vious summer, together with his friend Wil- liam Ralph Churton [q. v.], accompanied Dr. Arnold, head-master of Rugby, in a visit to Italy, undertaken by Arnold to determine the line of Hannibal's passage over the Alps, and to explore the battlefields of his . campaign, for the purposes of his ' Roman History.' When settled at Ormsby he de- voted himself assiduously to the care of his parish, containing a scattered rural popula- tion, whom he watched over with fatherly solicitude. He rebuilt Driby church, and thoroughly restored that at Ormsby, erected a new rectory on a better site, and built schools, which he had originally started in a kitchen. In 1840, at the request of his life- long friend, Edward Churton [q. v.], who re- vised the proofs during his absence from England, he undertook the ' English History of the leaders of the Reformation/ as one of the series known as the ' Englishman's Li- brarv/ of which Churton was the editor. It was published in 1842, and reached a fourth edition in 1866. Written from a distinctly high-church point of view, it affords a clear, temperate, and on the whole trustworthy narrative of the events of the period, and is fre.e from sectarian bitterness. The style is Massingberd 10 Massinger pleasing, and it may still be read with profit. In 1841 he visited Italy, and spent two winters in Rome on account of his health. He delighted to tell how, l Polybius in hand,' he walked over the battlefield of Thrasimene, which he had surveyed with Arnold seven- teen years before. He was back at Ormsby in 1844. In 1846 he declined an offer from Bishop Phillpotts [q. v.] of Exeter to ex- change into that diocese with the prospect of appointment to the first vacant arch- deaconry. He was collated to the prebendal stall of Thorngate in Lincoln Cathedral by Bishop Kaye, 15 May 1847, and was made chancellor and canon residentiary by Bishop Jackson, 11 Dec. 1862. From an early period he had been a strenu- ous advocate for the revival of the delibera- tive functions of convocation. In 1833 he published ' Reasons for a Session of Convo- cation,' and when that object was attained he was one of its most active members, first as proctor for the parochial clergy in 1857, and subsequently, in 1868, for the chapter. He frequently sat on committees and drew up their reports, and took a large share in the debates, proving himself a persuasive, if prolix, speaker. As chancellor of Lin- coln he directed his efforts to the increase of the practical efficiency of the cathedral. Together with other minor reforms, he was the first to institute an afternoon nave ser- mon, and during successive Lents he de- livered courses of lectures on the prayer- book and on church history. He died in London of congestion of the lungs on 5 Dec. 1872, and was buried at South Ormsby. On 15 Jan. 1839 he married at Putney Church Fanny, eldest daughter of William Baring, esq., M.P., and granddaughter of Sir Francis Baring, bart. [q. v.] Tie left two sons : Francis Burrell, captain 5th lancers ; and William Oswald, rector of Ormsby since 1873. He was a typical high churchman of the school of John Keble, and in politics was a strong tory. Besides many occasional sermons, pam- phlets, letters, and printed speeches on eccle- siastical subjects, of which a catalogue is given in Bloxam's ' Magdalen College Regis- ter ' (vii. 273), his chief literary works, apart j from his ' English leaders of the Reforma- | tion' (1842), were: 1. 'The Educational and Missionary Work of the Church in the Eighteenth Century/ 1857. 2. 'The Law of the Church and the Law of the State,' 1859. 3. 'Lectures on the Prayer Book,' 1864. 4. ' Sermons on Unity, with an Essay on Re- ligious Societies,' 1868, 8vo. [Bloxam's Magdalen College Register, vii. 272- 279 ; private information.] E. V. MASSINGER, PHILIP (1583-1640), dramatist, was son of Arthur Massinger, a member of an old Salisbury family, who was confidential servant or house-steward at Wil- ton to Henry Herbert, second earl of Pem- broke [q. v.], and retained the post under his first master's son, William, third earl [q. v.], the patron and friend of Shakespeare. The elder Massinger is certainly identical with the Arthur Massinger who graduated B.A. from St. Alban Hall, Oxford, in 1571 (M.A. 1577), and became fellow of Merton in 1572 ; he was subsequently M.P. for Weymouth andMelcombe Regis' (1588-9 and 1593) and for Shaftesbury in 1601. In 1587 his master, who regarded him highly, recommended him for the office of examiner in ' the court of the marches toward South Wales,' and in 1597 he was conducting the negotiations for a marriage between Lord Pembroke's son and a daughter of Lord Burghley {Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 52 ; cf. Sydney Papers, ii. 93). ' Many years he happily spent in the service of your honourable house, and died a servant to it,' wrote Philip Massinger (1624), when dedicating his 'Bondman' to Philip Herbert. He seems to have died in 1606 (FOSTER, Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714, p. 1004; RROVRICK, Memorials of Merton Col- lege, p. 270). Walter, a brother of the elder Massinger, was also a student at St. Alban Hall about 1572. Philip, perhaps named after Sir Philip Sid- ney, brother of the second Earl of Pem- broke's wife [see HERBERT, MARY], was bap- tised at St. Thomas's, Salisbury, on 24 Nov. 1583. Gifford supposes him to have been a page at Wilton in his youth, and Wood con- jectures that he was supported at the univer- sity by Henry Herbert, second earl of Pem- broke, until he offended his patron by adopting the Roman catholic religion, but of his reli- gious conversion little is known. On 14 May 1602, 'Philip Messinger,' described as a Salisbury man and son of a gentleman, was entered at St. Alban Hall, Oxford, where his father and uncle had already been edu- cated. According to Wood, ' he applied his mind more to poetry and romances for about four years or more than to logic and philo- sophy,' and he left Oxford in 1606 without taking a degree, probably at the time of his father's death. Coming to London, Massinger seems to have sought the society of writers for the stage, and soon made a reputation for him- self as a playwright. The extent of his work it is difficult to define. Many of his dramas are lost, and in accordance with the custom of the time he wrote in association with his friends very much that he did not publicly Massinger Massinger claim. External evidence proves that Na- thaniel Field and Robert Daborne were among his collaborators, and that with Fletcher he bert, [third] son to Philip, [fourth] Earl of formed at an early period a close literary Pembroke ' (Brit. Mus. MS. Reg. 18 A xx.) partnership. Internal evidence suggests that /W1 he and Cyril Tourneur produced together the ' Second Maiden's Tragedy 'as early as 1611. ter of Earl Philip. In 1634 Massinger wrote ' verses on the death of Charles, Lord Her- Other men of eminence took notice of him, he tells us, and were patrons of his ' humble studies ' ( Unnatural Combat, Ded.) Among Dekker joined him in the 'Virgin Martyr 'in them was Sir Warham St. Leger, to whose son 16:20. Traces of Massinger' s hand have been I Walter he dedicated his 'Un Unnatural Combat ' (1639). He acknowledged that he had ' tasted of the bounty ' of ' Sir Robert Wiseman of Thorrell's Hall in Essex ' ( Great Duke, Ded.), and of Sir Francis Foljambe and Sir Thomas Bland (Maid of Honour, Ded.) His friend doubtfully suggested in such early works of Beaumont and Fletcher as the i Scornful Lady,' written about 16 10, ' Cupid's Revenge,' acted in January 1611-12, and the { Captain,' written very early in 1613 ; but there is little likelihood of Massinger's connection with ! Sir Aston Cokayne brought his work to the Fletcher until late in 1613. From about that notice of his uncle, Lord Mohun of Oke- year Fletcher and Massinger wrote regularly ' hampton, to whom Massinger dedicated his in conjunction until Fletcher's death in 1625. * Emperor of the East.' Third or fourth pens occasionally joined them. His political views, like those of his patron Sir Aston Cokayne [q. v. J thrice in his poems Earl Philip, inclined to the popular party. In mentions the friendship subsisting between the ' Bondman,' 1623, he clearly denounced Fletcher and Massinger, and their associa- I tion in dramatic composition [see FLETCHER, : Joiiisr, 1579-1625], but the editions of Flet- cher's works, which contain most of their veiled reflections on current politics figure ioint, efforts. iVnorft Massinffer's name alto- in ' Believe as you List,' the ' Emperor of the East,' and the ' Maid of Honour.' On Buckingham under the disguise of Gisco (i. 1), and supported the Herberts in their quarrel with James I's favourite. Thinly ioint efforts, ignore Massinger's name alto gether. For some years Fletcher and Mas- singer were connected with the same company of actors. Both, w^ith Field, joined the king's men in 1616. At the end of 1623 Massinger temporarily transferred his services to the Cockpit company (queen's men, i.e. Lady Elizabeth's), and for them he wrote, ap- parently for the first time unaided, three pieces, the 'Parliament of Love,' the 'Bond- man,' and the ' Renegado.' After Fletcher's death in 1625 he rejoined the king's men. In 1627 his ' Great Duke of Florence' was prepared for another company (the queen's servants). There is no other indication of Massinger's connection with any but the king's company at the period, and conse- quently, with the exception of about a year j and a half (1623-5), Massinger may be re- j garded as writing from 1616 to his death on ! 18 March 1639-40 for that company alone, j Massinger's literary friends included James ' Smith (1605-1667), editor of ' Musarum De- licioe,' whom Massinger, according to Wood, ! habitually called his son (Wool), iii. 776). i With 'the Herbert family he maintained friendly relations to the end. Aubrey de- I scribes him as servant to Philip; the fourth 11 Jan. 1630-1 Sir Henry Herbert [q. v.] re- fused a license to an unnamed play of Mas- singer * because it did contain dangerous matter, as the deposing of Sebastian, king of Portugal, by Philip [the second], and there being a peace sworn betwixt the kings of England and Spain.' This piece seems to have been. an early draft of 'Believe as you List.' According to his own account he made a very narrow income out of his literary pursuits. He died suddenly in his house on the Bank- side, Southwark, near the Globe Theatre, in the middle of March 1639-40. 'He went to bed well, and was dead before morning : whereupon his body, being accompanied by comedians, was buried about the middle of that ch. yard belonging to St. Saviour's Church there, commonly called the Bullheadch. yard,' on 18 March 1639-40 (WOOD, Athena, ed. Bliss). According to the entry of burial in the parish register he was a ' stranger,' that is a non-parishioner (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. x. 206). Cokayne says that he was buried in the same grave as Fletcher. The theory that Massinger was converted to Roman Catholicism in middle life depends on the earl, and in receipt of a pension of 30/. or | catholic tone of many passages in his ' Rene- 40/. from his master. In 1624 he dedicated | gado ' and the 'Virgin Martyr,' which he his ' Bondman ' to Earl Philip, and he chose wrote with Dekker, but the proofs are by no Robert Dormer, earl of Carnarvon, as sponsor for his best-known comedy, 'A New Way to Pay Old Debts,' in 1633, on the ground that ' I was born a devoted servant to the thrice noble family of your incomparable lady,'the daugh- means conclusive. Massinger was married, and left a widow, who at one time resided at Cardiff, and re- ceived from the Earl of Pembroke, according to Aubrey, the pension bestowed on her Massinger 12 Massinger husband. She seems to have had children. Miss Henrietta Massinger, claiming- to be a direct descendant, died on 4 Aug. 1762 (Lon- don Mag. 1762). A portrait was engraved by Worthington after Thurston. Other en- Saved portraits by Grignion, T. Cross, and . Robinson are extant (EvANS, Cat. Nos. 7027 and 1911). Massinger wrote fifteen plays unaided tragedies, tragi-comedies, and comedies and thence his characteristics as a dramatist are best deduced. Several of his plots are borrowed from Cervantes, and the influence of Spanish and Italian models is often ap- parent in both matter and manner. But in the masterly working-out of his plots and in his insight into stage requirements he has hardly an equal among his contemporaries either at home or abroad. His characters, as in Italian comedy, are to a great ex- tent conventional. The tyrant grovelling at the feet of a mistress who glories in her power over him; that mistress boasting of her very questionable virtue, and consumed with a desire of forcing all within her sphere to feel and acknowledge the power of her beauty ; the pert page and the flippant wait- ing-woman, are familiar figures in his pages. His men are generally under the influence of one ruling passion, which, paralysing all their mental powers, leads to the catastrophe. ' For the most part,' wrote Hazlitt, an unfriendly critic, ' his villains are a sort of " lusus na- turae;" his impassioned characters are like drunkards or madmen ; their conduct is ex- treme and outrageous, their motives unac- countable and weak.' Generally speaking, he gives an impression of hardness, and seldom deviates into tender pathos. But his most characteristic trait is a peculiarly corrupt tone of thought, even in his heroines when they are intended as models of virtue. Their morality lies entirely in obedience to outward observances, and in no inner principle. Purity is not to be found in his world, and his ob- scenity seems often purposeless. The warn- ing in his ' Roman Actor,' i. 3, that his por- trayal of evil was intended to convey a wholesome reproof to the evil-minded, is unconvincing. Massinger's language is generally full and flowing, with more of a rhetorical than a dra- matic character. In a contemporary poem ' On the Time-Poets' (Choyce Drollery, 1656) it is said of him that his Easy Pegasus will amble o'er Some threescore miles of Fancy in an hour. He wrote, according to Charles Lamb, 'with that equability of all the passions which made his English style the purest and most free from violent metaphors and harsh con- structions of any of the dramatists who were his contemporaries.' Coleridge declares that Massinger's style is l differenced in the smallest degree possible from animated con- versation by the vein of poetry.' He often substitutes description for action, and is hardly ever carried away by his situations. He has consequently few passages of the ; highest poetical beauty. On the other hand, I he seldom sinks into the trivial, and his sus- tained and even flow of language sometimes rises into very solemn eloquence, tinged with a melancholy which suggests a sermon. ' No author repeats himself oftener or with less ceremony than Massinger' (GlFFOBD); A list of more than a thousand of repeated phrases and expressions, not counting the commonest, is given in 'Englische Studien' (v. 1, yii. 1, x. 3). This habit enables us to recognise Massinger's hand in anonymous or joint plays, and is especially useful in tracing ! the work of his early life, before his metrical characteristics, which are an adequate test of his later productions, became distinctive. In his early work he introduces very much prose and rhyme, but in his later work he confines himself to blank verse. His blank verse shows a larger proportion of run-on lines and double endings in harmonious union than any contemporary author. Cartwright and Tourneur have more run-on lines, but not so many double endings. Fletcher has more double endings, but very few run-on lines. Shakespeare and Beaumont alone ex- hibit a somewhat similar metrical style. I. PLAYS BY MASSINGER ALONE (in approxi- mate chronological order). 1. < The Duke of Milan,' 4to, 1623 ; acted by the king's men at Blackfriars ; probably written about 1618 ; partly founded on Josephus's ' History of the Jews ' (xv. 4), and slightly on Guicciardini's ' History ' (xv. c. iv.) There is a striking re- semblance between the painting of the corpse in this play and in the ' Second Maiden's Tragedy ' and the < Revenger's Tragedy.' A rechauffe of it and Fenton's ' Mariamne ' by Cumberland was played at Covent Garden 10 Nov. 1779. It was revived at Drury Lane, with Edmund Kean in the title-role, 9 March 1816. 2. 'The Unnatural Combat,' 4to, 1639; acted by the king's men at the Globe, pro- bably about 1619. It is one of Massinger's most characteristic, but at the same time least pleasing, productions. 3. 'The Bondman/ 4to, 1624 ; licensed 3 Dec. 1623, and played at the Cockpit ; partly founded on Plutarch. It was revived, 1 March 1661, when Pepys saw it; at DruryLane 8 June 1719; and, altered by Cumberland, at Covent Garden 13 Oct. 1779. 4. 'The Renegado,' 4to, 1630; Massinger Massinger licensed 17 April 1624; played by the queen's men. 5. ' The Parliament of Love ' was first printed by Giftbrd from an imperfect manu- script in 1805 ; licensed for the Cockpit 3 Nov. 1624. It was entered on the ' Stationers' Re- gisters ' 29, Tune 1600, and ascribed toW. Row- ley. 6. ' A New Way to Pay Old Debts,' 4to, 10 Nov. 1632, a comedy ; acted \>j the queen's men at the Phoenix. There is an allusion to the taking of Breda, July 1625. Mr. Fleay dates it before May 1622 ; but it probably belongs to 1625 or 1626. No entries by Sir Henry Herbert are known between 10 Feb. 1625 and 22 Jan. 1626. The first two acts contain passages in Fletcher's peculiar metre, but his contributions must have been slight (he died in August 1625). This comedy re- } tained its popularity longer than any other of Massinger's plays, and kept possession of the stage even into the present century. Genest notices thirteen revivals between 1748 and 1827. 7. ' The Roman Actor,' 4to, 1629 ; played at Blackfriars by the king's men ; licensed 11 Oct. 1626, and written immediately be- fore, as it alludes to a terrible storm which swept over London during the same autumn. Massinger calls it the most perfect birth of his Minerva : revived after thirty years at Lincoln's Inn Fields 13 June 1722, and at Drury Lane in 1796 and (in one act) in 1822. 8. 'The Maid of Honour,' 4to, 1632, was played by the queen's men at the Phoenix. It is probably a recast of an older play by Massinger. Fulgentio, the king's favourite, can only refer to Buckingham. It was altered by Kemble and produced at Drury Lane 27 Jan. 1785, with Kemble and Mrs. Siddons in the chief parts. 9. 'The Picture,' 4to, 1630; licensed 8 June 1629. An altered version, by the Rev. H. Bate Dudley [q. v.], was produced at Covent Garden 8 Nov. 1783. The plot bears some resemblance to the me- diaeval story of the i Wright's Chaste Wife ' (Early English Text Soc. 1866), but was doubtless taken by Massinger from Bandello's ' Novelle' (21 Nov.), through Painter's ' Palace of Pleasure ' (28 Nov.) Musset borrowed from the same story of Bandello the plot of his 'Barberini' (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vii. 81, 160). Bandello doubtless himself derived the tale from the ' GestaRomanorum' (cap. Ixiv.) 10. ' The Great Duke of Flo- rence,' 4to, 1635, was licensed 5 July 1627 for the queen's servants. 11. 'The Emperor of the East,' 4to, 19 Nov. 1631 ; licensed 4 March 1631 for the king's men. There is a curious parallel between a passage in act iv. 4 and one in Moliere's 'Malade Imaginaire'(1673), act iii. (the last few lines in Toinette's first long speech) (id. 3rd ser. viii. 348). 12. ' Be- lieve as you List ; ' entered on the ' Stationers' Registers' 1653. This was the play sent back by Herbert 11 Jan. 1631 because it contained dangerous matter. It was discovered in ma- nuscript in 1844, and printed for the Percy Society in 1848. 13. 'The City Madam,' 8vo, 1658 ; licensed 25 May 1632. It has lately been doubted whether this play was Mas- singer's, but the parallel passages connecting it with Massinger's work, the characterisation, and the metre equally exclude the idea of par- ticipation, on the part of Jonson or any other. It was revived for Baddeley's benefit at Drury Lane 29 April 1783. 14. 'The Guardian,' published 1655 by Moseley, together with 'A. Very Woman' (by Massinger and Fletcher, see below) and the ' Bashful Lover.' It was licensed for the king's men 31 Oct. 1633; performed at court 12 Jan. 1634 ; and was 'well liked.' 15. 'The Bashful Lover,' pub- lished as above, licensed 9 May 1636. The play has an allusion to the death of Wal- lenstein, 25 Feb. 1634. Revived at Covent Garden, 30 May 1798, as ' Disinterested Love.' II. PLATS BY MASSINGER AND OTHERS. In these plays Massinger's hand can only be detected by internal evidence of style, cha- racterisation, and metre. Fletcher was Massinger's collaborateur in each of those numbered 1 to 20, but in a few cases other hands are also visible. Those marked t are by Fletcher and Massinger alone, and first appeared in the 1647 folio of Beaumont and Fletcher's ' Works.' 1. ' The Honest Man's Fortune.' An un- dated letter, addressed to Philip Henslowe by Field, Daborne, and Massinger, mentions that the three were engaged with Fletcher on a play for Henslowe. Fletcher did not probably begin to write for Henslowe before the burning of the Globe, on 29 June 1613, and the letter was probably drawn up soon after that event. The balance of evidence seems to identify the play mentioned with the 'Honest Man's Fortune,' acted by the Lady Elisabeth's men in 1613, and reallowed for the king's men on 8 Feb. 1624-5 by Sir Henry Herbert, whose copy of that date is in the Dyce Library. It was first printed in the 1647 folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's works. Act iii. must be pro- nounced Massinger's (cf. in. i. 120, and Two Noble Kinsmen, I. i. 118). Act v. is undoubtedly Fletcher's. 2. 'Thierry and Theodoret ' (printed in 1621) and 3."' The Bloody Brother ' (printed in 1639) were by Massinger, Field, Fletcher, and another author. They were probably written in 1613 or 1614. The fourth author wrote act iv. 1 of the ' Bloody Brother ' and act iii. 2 of ' Thierry and Theodoret,' and the grammatical peculiarities of those passages Massinger Massinger suggest Wilkins. Massinger's share in the ' Bloody Brother ' is act i. and act v. 1 ; in ' Thierry and Theodoret ' it is act i. 2, act ii 1, 3, and act iv. 2. 4f. * The Knight of Malta.' Massinger's share is act iii. 2, 3, iv. 1, and perhaps a part of v. 2. As Burbage and Field acted to- gether in this play, it was probably producec after the latter had joined the king's men in 1616. . 5f. 'The Queen of Corinth '(written about 1617). Massinger wrote act i. and act v Field perhaps aided Fletcher in this piece. 6. ' BarnaveU/ by Fletcher and Massinger (first printed in Bullen's ' Old Plays,' vol.ii. 1881), played August 1619. Massinger's share is i. 1, 2, ii. 1, iii. 2, 3, 5, iv. 4, 5, v. 1 (down to ' Enter Provost ') ; thirty-four parallel passages connect it with Massinger's undoubted work. 7. ' Henry VIII,' in the form which has come down to us, was probably not written earlier than 1617. It is doubtless by Mas- singer and Fletcher ( Transactions of the New Shakspere Soc. 1884). 8. ' The Two Noble Kinsmen/ 4to, 1634, is in the present writer's opinion entirely by Massinger and Fletcher (ib. for 1882) . Mas- singer's share is i., ii. 1, iii. 1, 2, iv. 3, v. 1 (except the opening eighteen lines), 3, 4. The numerous parallel passages connecting this play with the rest of Massinger's work, and the characterisation, especially of the female characters, are decisive as to Mas- singer's participation. 9f. 'The Custom of the Country.' It is mentioned in Sir Henry Herbert's ' Office- Book,' 22 Nov. 1628, as an old play. It is founded on Cervantes's ' Persiles and Sigis- munda,' and is partly a literal translation from the Spanish novel ; even the original names are retained in the drama. Massinger's share is ii. 1, 2, 3, 4, iii. 4, 5, iv. 1, 2, v. 1, 2, 3,4. 10. 'The Elder Brother,' printed as by Fletcher only, 4to, 29 March 1637, and by him and Beaumont in 1651, was probably revised generally by Massinger; it is pre- pl ' De una causa dos efectos.' llf. ' The Sea Voyage ' was licensed 22 June 1622. Massinger's share is ii. 1 2, iii. 1 (from 'Enter Rosellia'), v. 1, 2, 3, 4. 12f. 'The Double Marriage,' probably pro- duced about 1620. Massinger's share is i. 1, iii. 1, iv. 1, 2, v. 2 (to 'Enter Pandulpho'), 13f. 'The Beggar's Bush/ performed at court at Christmas 1622. Massinger's share is i. 1, 2, 3, v. 1 (latter part of the scene), and 2 (first part of the scene). There are few of the parallel passages characteristic of Massinger, and those only in the scenes here ascribed to him. 14f. ' The False One/ probably produced about 1620. Massinger's share is acts i. and v. 15f. ' The Prophetess/ licensed 14 May 1622. Massinger's share is ii., iv., v. 1, 2. The plot is based on Plutarch and Lucan. 16f. 'The Little French Lawyer/ pro- bably written not later than 1620. A duel between Villiers, the favourite's brother, and Mr. Rich took place in 1619. The seconds also fought, and this is spoken of as a new custom, and explained by Mr. Rich ' having new come out of France.' Mas- singer's part is i., iii. 1, v. 1 (from ' Enter Cleremont '). There are traces of his hand in other scenes, but the above are the only ones that have parallel passages connecting- them with Massinger (fifteen in number). The plot is from the ' Spanish Rogue/ ii. 4. 17f. 'The Lovers' Progress/ licensed as 'Cleander/ 9 May 1634. It is probably an alteration of the 'Wandering Lovers,' licensed 6 Dec. 1 623. Massinger's share is i. 1, 2 (to ' Enter Malfort'), ii. 2, iii. 4 and 6 (the last two speeches), acts iv. and v. Founded on Daudiguier's 'Ljsandre et Ca- liste.' 18f. 'The Spanish Curate/ licensed 24 Oct. 1622. Massinger's part is i., iii. 3, iv. 1, 4, v. 1, 3. Founded on Cespedes's ' Gerardo, the Unfortunate Spaniard' (English trans- lation by Leonard Digges, 1622). 19f. ''The Fair Maid of the Inn/ licensed 22 Jan. 1626. The idea is taken from Cer- vantes's < La illustre Fregona,' but only in a general way. Massinger's share is i., iii. 2, v. 3. Mr. Fleay gives a great part of the play to Jonson, but adduces no evidence. 20. 'A Very Woman, or the Prince of Tarent ;' published by Moseley, 1655, in one volume with the ' Guardian ' and the ' Bashful Lover ; ' licensed 6 June 1634. It was en- tered as Massinger's on the ' Stationers'. Re- gisters/ 9 Sept. 1653, but is partly by Flet- cher. Massinger's share is i., ii. 1, 2, 3 (down to ' Enter Pedro '), iv. 1 and 3. The lost may possibly be early versions of this piece. In the following plays there are no traces of Fletcher's hand, and the names of Mas- singer's collaborators are determined with less certainty: 21. 'The Second Maiden's Tragedy/ licensed by Sir George Buck 31 Oct. 1611, and acted by the king's men. Mas- Massinger Massinger singer's hand is traceable in the first two acts, and Tourneur's in the last three. Tourneur in the ' Revenger's Tragedy ' and Massinger in the 'Duke of Milan ' have situations similar to the painting of the lady's corpse in this play. The underplot is taken from Cervantes's ' Curious Impertinent/ and in the first two acts, which are ascribed to Massinger, there are passages literally taken from the novel. The play must have been written after the execution of llavaillac, 27 May 1610, to which an allusion is made. A manuscript copy in a scribe's hand is extant in the Lansdowne collection (from the Warburton MSS.) The title suggests that Massinger and his coadjutor were emulating the success of Beaumont and Fletcher's ' Maid's Tragedy/ 22. ' Love's Cure, or the Martial Maid/fol. 1647. The date must be after 1622, from the allusion to the Muscovite ambassador 1 and the renewal of the war between Holland and Spain, 1622. Massinger's share is i., iv., v. 1, 2. Fleay supposes this play to be an alteration from an old one by Beaumont and Fletcher. There is no trace of Fletcher in the play, nor is there anything in it remind- ing us of Beaumont. Mr. A. H. Bullen sug- gests Middleton as the probable coadjutor of Massinger, but in 1623 these dramatists were writing for different companies. 23. 'The Fatal Dowry/ 4to, 1632, by Field and Massinger. The latter's share is i., iii. (down to 'Enter Noval Junior'), iv. 2, 3, 4, v. 1, 2. The date is with all probability supposed to be before Richard Burbage's death in 1619, when Field retired from the stage. Rowe plundered this play in his ' Fair Penitent/ which was acted with much suc- cess by Betterton in 1703 (GEXEST, ii. 281- 290), and gave up his original intention of editing Massinger in order that his theft might not be discovered. 24. 'The Virgin Martyr/ 4to, 1621 ; licensed 6 Oct. 1620 by Sir George Buck. Massinger's share is i., iii. 1, 2, iv. 3. v. 2 ; the rest is Dekker's. Partly founded on the story of the martyr Dorothea. It Avas reA'ived at Drury Lane 27 Feb. 1668, and at Richmond in 1715 in an altered version by Griffin. In 1656 there Avas published, as the joint Avork of Massinger, Middleton, and RoAvley, an excellent comedy called ' The Old Law.' The fact that 1599, Avhen Massinger was fif- teen, has been plausibly argued to be the date of its composition, renders Massinger's responsibility for it doubtful. Internal evi- dence gives no support to Massinger's claim to part authorship, and it is probable that he merely gaA r e it A T ery slight revision at a late revival (see Mi DDLETOX, THOMAS; and MIDDLETON, Works, ed. Bullen, vol. i. p. xv). III. PLAYS ALLEGED TO BE LOST. Many plays in which Massinger was solely or jointly concerned are lost, several of them being de- stroyed in manuscript by the carelessness of Warburton's cook. In a few cases the titles of the pieces suggest that they were identical with extant plays known by other names. The titles (those destroyed by Warburton's cook being distinguished by an asterisk) are as fol- lows: 1. 'The Forced Lady,' given in War- burton's list with a second title as 'Minerva's Sacrifice.' It was licensed 23 Nov. 1629, and entered on the ' Stationers' Registers,' 9 Sept. 1653. This play may possibly be identical with the extant' ' Queen of Corinth.' 2. 'The Noble Choice, or the Orator.' A play was licensed as ' The Orator ' 10 Jan. 1635, and there is an entry in the ' Stationers' Regis- ters,' 9 Sept. 1653, ' The Noble Choice, or the Orator.' This may be the ' Elder Brother/ 3. ' The Wandering Lovers ; ' licensed for the king's men 6 Dec. 1623, is probably the original form of ' Cleander,' licensed 9 May 1634, which is in all likelihood the folio play of the ' Lovers' Progress.' 4.* ' Philengo and Hippolito ; ' entered on the ' Stationers' Registers' 9 Sept. 1653. 5.* 'Antonio and Vallia ; ' entered on the ' Stationers' Regis- ters ' 29 June 1660. 6. ' The Tyrant,' entered on the ' Stationers' Registers/ 1660, has been supposed to be another title for the ' Second Maiden's Tragedy.' It has also been identi- fied with the ' King and Subject,' licensed 5 June 1638, in which King Charles marked a passage as 'too insolent, and to be changed/ Fleay identifies this play with the 'Double Marriage/ for which he has two further titles, the ' Unfortunate Piety/ or the 'Italian Nightpiece/ licensed 13 June 1631. 7.* ' The Woman's Plot/ acted at court 1621-2 ; en- tered on the ' Stationers' Registers/ 9 Sept. 1653, as ' The Very Woman, or the Woman's Plot/ 8.* 'The Spanish Viceroy' was acted without license in 1624. It is probably the same play as the ' Honour of Women/ licensed 6 May 1628. Both this and the preceding piece may possibly be drafts of the extant piece, 'A Very Woman' (see above). 9. 'The Judge;' licensed 6 June 1627. Mr. Fleay sup- poses this to be a recast of the 'Fatal Dowry/ 10. 'Alexius, or the Chaste Lover:' licensed 25 Sept. 1639. In Warburton's list the title is 'Alexius, or the Chaste Gallant.' 11 .* 'The Fair Anchoress of Pausilippo ; ' licensed 26 Jan. 1640; entered on the 'Stationers' Registers/ 9 Sept. 1 653, as ' The Prisoner, or the Fair Anchoress.' Poole, in his 'English Parnassus/ notes that he has used Massinger's ' Secretary ' for purposes of quotation. No such work is now known. It may have been either a play or a Masson 16 Masson compilation resembling a ' Complete Writer/ of which many contemporary examples are known (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. v. 429). No edition of Massinger attempts to give his productions complete. It would be im- possible to do so without editing Beaumont, Massinger, and Fletcher in one work. The time for undertaking such an arduous task has almost come, and it would be of immense use in clearing up the relations between these three authors. The principal collected edi- tions of Massinger are: 1. Coxeter's edi- tion, 4 vols. 8vo, published 1759, and re- issued 1761, with an introduction byDavies. 2. 'Dramatic Works of Philip Massinger,' in 4 vols. complete, revised and corrected, with notes, critical and explanatory, by J. Monck Mason, London, 1779. 3. ' The Plays of Philip Massinger,' with notes, critical and explanatory, by William Gilford, 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1805, 1813. This remains the chief edition. 4. ' The Dramatic Works of Massin- ger and Ford,' with an introduction by Hart- ley Coleridge, 1 vol. royal 8vo, London, 1840. 5. ' The Plays of Philip Massinger,' from the text of William Gifford, with the addition of the tragedy, ' Believe as you List,' edited by Lieutenant-colonel Cunningham, London, 1867. Selections from Massinger, edited by Arthur Symons, have appeared in the ' Mer- maid Series ' (1887-9). [Hazlilt's Bibliography of Old English Litera- ture ; Hazlitt's Collections and Notes ; Ward's History of the Drama ; Fleay's History of the Stage ; Fleay's Biog. History of the English Drama ; Genest's Account of the English Stage, vi. 119-24, and vii. 683-98 ; Aubrey's Natural Hist, of Wiltshire, ed. Britton, p. 91 ; Hoare's History of Salisbury ; Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 654 ; Transactions of the New Shakspere Society, 1882 seq. ; 'Beaumont, Fletcher, and Massinger,' by the present writer, in Englische Studien. v. 74, vii. 66, viii. 39, ix. 209, x. 383 ; Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Litteraturge- schichte, vi. 3, new ser. ; Anglia ; Macaulay's Study of Francis Beaumont ; Arber's Transcript of the Stationers' Eegisters; Halli well's Dic- tionary of Old Plays; Mr. Leslie Stephen's Hours in a Library, ii. 141-76 (an interesting critical paper) ;^ Mr. S. E. Gardiner on ' Massinger's Poli- tical Views ' in Contemporary Review, August 1876 ; art. JOHN FLETCHER.] R. B-E. MASSON, FRANCIS (1741-1805), gar- dener and botanist, was born at Aberdeen in August 1741. Making his way to London he seems to have obtained some appoint- ment at the Royal Gardens, Kew, for in 1771 or 1772 he was selected by Aiton, the superintendent, as the fittest person to un- dertake a journey to the Cape for the pur- pose of collecting plants and bulbs. Masson was the first collector thus sent out by the authorities at Kew. Making Cape Town his headquarters, he undertook at least three separate journeys into the interior, the first extending from 10 Dec. 1772 to 18 Jan. 1773 ; the second, in company with Thunberg, the Swedish na- turalist, lasted from 11 Sept. 1773 to 29 Jan. 1774 ; while the third was begun 26 Sept. and brought to an end on 28 Dec. 1774. Having for the time thoroughly supplied the wants of the gardens from that locality, . Masson was sent on a like errand in 1776 to the Canaries, Azores, Madeira, and the West Indies, more especially to St. Chris- topher. He returned to England in 1781, and remained at home till 1783, when he was despatched to Portugal and Madeira. In 1786, when once more sent out to the Cape, he confined his botanical excursions, by the advice of Sir Joseph Banks, to a cir- cuit of forty miles round Cape Town. He remained there till 1795, when the anticipa- tion of political disturbances drove him home. Masson spent some two years in England with his friends, and prepared and published in 1796 his well-known book, ' Stapelise Novae, or ... new Species of that Genus discovered in the Interior Parts of Africa.' The work was issued in four fasciculi (imp. fol.), and contains many charming coloured plates. In 1798 he set out for North America, where he died at Montreal, about Christmas 1805. Many plants now common in conserva- tories were first brought to this country by Masson. The genus Massonia was named after him by Linmeus. In addition to his work already mentioned, two papers by Masson appeared in the ' Philosophical Transactions:' 1. 'An Ac- count of three Journeys from Cape Town to the Southern Parts of Africa,' ]776. 2. 'An Account of the Island of St. Miguel,' 1778. Two papers standing under his name in the Royal Society's list are descriptions of orchi- daceous plants sent home by him, which were written by J. Bellenden Ker [q. v.] A col- lection of his plants and drawings is pre- served in the botanical department of the British Museum (Natural History). A portrait of Masson in oils hangs in the Linnean Society's rooms at Burlington House. [Rees's Cyclop. ; Chalmers's Biog. Diet.; Journ. ofBot.] B. B. W. MASSON, GEOKGE JOSEPH GUS- TAVE (1819-1888), educational writer, was born in London on 9 March 1819. His Masson Massue father had served under ISapoleon I, and survived the retreat from Moscow ; his mother was of English origin. Gustave (he invari- ably dropped his first two names) was edu- cated at Tours, was exempted from military service as eldest son of a widow, and was awarded the diploma of ' Bachelier es Lettres ' by the Universite de France on 8 Aug. 1837. After some ten years of literary struggle in Paris, he came to England as tutor to the two sons of Captain Trotter of the Wood- lands, Harrow, and was in 1855 appointed by Dr. Vaughan, head-master of Harrow School, French master there. He proved himself a good organiser, and took a prominent part in the life of the school. He was from 1869 Vaughan librarian and published a catalogue (1st edit. 1877, 2nd edit. 1887). Masson was an author and translator on a large scale, writing many books on French literature and history, and editing with much success numerous French classics for Eng- lish students. He was at the same time a frequent contributor to the ' Athenaeum,' and supplied the notes on French literature to the ' Saturday Review ' from soon after its foundation until 1880. He gave up his Harrow mastership in the autumn of 1888, and died a few weeks later (29 Aug.) at Ewhurst, Surrey, while on a visit to Sir Henry Doulton ; he was buried in Harrow churchyard. By his wife, whose maiden name was Janet Clarke, and whom he married in 1843, he left two sons and two daughters. Masson's chief works are: 1. 'Introduc- tion to the History of French Literature,' Edinburgh, 1860. "2. 'La Lyre Francaise/ London, 1867, an excellent French antho- logy, forming a volume of the ' Golden Trea- sury ' series. 3. ' Early Chronicles of Europe : France '[1879]. 4. 'The Huguenots: a Sketch of their History from the beginning of the Reformation to the Death of Louis XIV ' [1881]. 5. 'Richelieu' [1884]. 6. 'Mazarin' [1886], based on Cheruel's great work on the * History of France during the Minority of Louis XIV,' and forming, with Nos. 3, 5, and 7, volumes in the ' Home Library ' of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 7. ' The Dawn of European Literature French Lite- rature,' 1888. 8. 'Mediaeval France from the Reign of Hugues Capet to the beginning of the Sixteenth Century,' 1888; an inadequate compilation, not free from serious blunders. His translations include, from the Eng- lish : 1. Sir W. Baker's ' Discovery of Albert Nyanza/ 1868. 2. ' New Voyage to the Sources of the Nile/ 1869. And from the French : 3. P. Janet's ' Materialisme/ 1865. 4. Caro's ' George Sand,' Sorel's ' Montes- quieu,' Say's ' Turgot,' and Simon's ' Victor VOL. XXXVII. Cousin,' in the series of ' Grands Ecrivains Francais.' 5. George Sand's ' Francois le Champi,' 1879. Among his educational works are : 1. 'A Chronological and Historical Atlas of the Middle Ages,' 1849, fol. 2. ' Class Book of French Literature,' Edinburgh, 1861. 3. ' A Compendious Dictionary of the French Lan- guage,' 1874. 4. Various adaptations of A. Brachet's ' Public School French Gram- mar/ 1876, &c. 5. ' Choice Readings from French History/ with notes, 1880. Masson also edited seven volumes of ' French Classics ' for the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1866 ; many single plays by Moliere, Racine, Corneille, Musset, Piron, Lemercier, Collin d'Harle- ville, Villemain, Melesville et Duveyrier, and Victor Hugo ; Voltaire's ' Siecle de Louis XI V/ 1875 ; Thierry's ' Lettres sur 1'Histoire de France/ 1885, and ' Recits des Temps Mero- vingiens/ 1887 ; Xavier de Maistre's 'Voy- age autour de ma Chambre/ and various works by Madame de Stae'l. [Times, 31 Aug. and 1 Sept. 1888; Athenaeum, 2 Sept, 1888; Saturday Review, 9 Sept. 1888 ; Annual Register, 1888, p. 169 ; Harrovian, 4 Oct. 1888; Brit. Mus. Cat.; materials kindly sup- plied by Masson's daughter, Mrs. Horley, and by Mr. B. P. Lascelles, present librarian at Harrow.] T. S. MASSUE DE RUVIGNY, HENRI DE, second MARQUIS DE RUVIGNY, EAKL OF GAL- WAY (1648-1720), born on 9 April 1648 at his father's house in the Faubourg St. Ger- main, Paris, was the eldest son of Henri de Massue, marquis de Ruvigny and Raineval, a French general of repute, deputy-general of the Huguenots at the court of Versailles, sometime ambassador at the English court, and uncle of Rachel, wife of Lord William Russell. He entered the army at an early age, and saw service first in Portugal, being present at the siege of the Fort de la Garda. From 1672 to 1675 he served in the war against Germany as aide-de-camp to Marshal Turenne. He obtained the approbation of that general, and after the battle of Eusheim in October 1674 was recommended by him to Louis XIV for the command of the regiment of Cornas. On Turenne's death at Salzburg in 1675 he is said (LE GENDRE, Vie de Pierre du Bosc, Epitre Dedicatoire) to have dis- played great tact at a critical moment in reconciling the claims of Generals Lorges and Vaubrun to the chief command of the army. His connection with the Russell family fur- nishing a plausible pretext for the appoint- ment, he was early in 1678 sent by Louis to England to endeavour, by intriguing with the leaders of the opposition, to detach Charles II from the Dutch alliance. The ob- Massue 18 Massue ject of his mission was well known to Danby, but Ruvigny showed much address in the management of the business, and by co-ope- rating with Barillon succeeded in arranging a secret understanding between Charles and Louis. In the same year he was chosen to succeed his father as deputy-general of the Huguenots. His election gave great satis- faction to his co-religionists, especially to such as had been inclined to regard his father's conduct as somewhat timid. He laboured zealously, but unsuccessfully, to avert their persecution, and after the revoca- tion of the edict of Nantes in 1685 he de- clined Louis's well-meant offer of exceptional treatment for himself; and following the example of his father, who, foreseeing the course of events, had prudently in 1680 ob- tained letters of naturalisation as an English subject, he accompanied him and his brother, Pierre, lord de la Caillemotte, to England in January 1688, being as a special favour allowed to take with him what personal property he liked. In July 1689 his father, who had esta- lished himself at Greenwich, died, and in July 1690 his brother, La Caillemotte, was killed at the battle of the Boyne. The event determined Ruvigny, and lie entered the English service as a major-general of horse, though _ by doing so he forfeited his fine estates in Champagne and Picardy. He was appointed colonel of the Huguenot cavalry, in succession to the Duke of Schomberg, arid in May 1691 he proceeded to Ireland. He joined the army under Ginkell at Mullingar, and at the council of war before Athlone gave his voice in favour of forcing the pas- sage of the Shannon. At the battle of Aughrim, 12 July 1691, he commanded the horse of the second line, consisting of his own corps and the royal (or Oxford) regiment of horse guards, and'by his spirited attack at a critical moment contributed largely to the victory of the English arms. During the march on Galway he was stationed at Athenry with General Scravenmore and three thousand horse as a corps of observation. He served at the siege of Limerick, and assisted at the negotiations for its capitulation. Aftertaldngpart in the festivities at Dublin, he returned to England in November, but on 27 Feb. 1692 he was appointed, though with no higher title than that of major-general Commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland. He proceeded thither in March, but much of his time that year was spent in England on military business, chiefly in connection with the abortive expedition against St. Malo, of which he had been appointed second in com- mand. On 25 Nov. he was created Viscount Galway and Baron Portarlington, in recogni- tion of his services at the battle of Aughrim, and shortly afterwards received a grant in \ custodiam, made absolute 26 June 1696, of the forfeited estates of Sir Patrick Trant, i situated chiefly in the Queen's County, and amounting to more than fifty-eight thousand English acres. In April 1693 he left Ireland to join the army in Flanders, and arrived there in time to command the English and Huguenot horse at the battle of Landen. He displayed conspicuous bravery in covering William's retreat at the bridge of Neerhespen. He was apparently wounded in the action, and it is stated by St.-Simon (Memoires, ed. 1873, i. 95), who was present at the battle, that he was made prisoner by the French, but im- mediately liberated in order to avoid the necessity of consigning him to the galleys as a traitor. In November he was appointed, with the rank of lieutenant-general, com- mander-in-chief of the English auxiliary forces in Piedmont, with credentials as en- voy extraordinary to the court of Turin. But, says a contemporary, ' il n'y va qu'a regret et par pure obeissance an Roy ' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. p. 215). lie left London early in December with a considerable sum of money for the relief of the distressed Vaudois, and proceeding through Switzerland for the purpose of raising recruits, he arrived at Turin in March 1694. His position was a difficult one. An excellent officer, he was no match for Victor Amadeus in diplomacy, and though not without his suspicions as to the intrigues of the duke with France, he was completely deceived by his protestations of loyalty to the alliance, and by the readiness with which at his request he granted religious toleration to the Vaudois. The capture of the fort of S. Giorgio and the meeting of a protestant synod atViglianoto regulate the morals of the army, in which he sat as an elder, were the chief events of the year. The winter was passed in completing his arrangements for the next year's campaign. According to his instruc- tions he was anxious to co-operate with the fleet by an attack on Marseilles, but w r as compelled to acquiesce in the siege of Casale. The sudden surrender of that fortress sur- prised him, but his suspicions were set at rest by the apparent sincerity of the duke in renewing the grand alliance. He grumbled at wasted time and neglected opportunities, but even the pilgrimage of the duke to Loretto did not strike him as particularly mysterious ; and it was only in August 1696, when the duke threw off the mask and an- nounced his intention of concluding a treaty with France, that he realised how completely Massue Massue lie had been duped. lie at once withdrew into the Milanese, and was successful in inter- cepting the subsidy intended for the duke. During September he took part in the de- fence of Valenza, but after the recognition of the neutrality of the Italian peninsula on 7 Oct. he retired with the English contingent to Flanders, and on 11 Jan. 1697 returned to England. A present which the Duke of Savoy wished to make him of his portrait set in diamonds he declined. He had already for- feited his estates in France, and shortly before the peace of Ryswick he was deprived by Louis of a considerable sum of money which his father had entrusted to the care of Pre- sident llarlay. On 6 Feb. 1697 he was appointed by the king's command lord justice of Ireland ad interim. On 12 May he was advanced to the rank of Earl of Galway, and two days later he was joined with the Marquis of Win- chester and Lord Villiers in a commission as lords justices of Ireland; but the latter being occupied as plenipotentiary at Rys- wick, and the former being of little impor- tance, the conduct of aftairs rested chiefly with him and the lord chancellor, John Methuen [q. v.] On 31 May Galway and the Marquis of Winchester landed at Dub- lin, and were sworn in on the same day. Galway's government of Ireland from Fe- bruary 1697 to April 1701 marks an impor- tant period in the history of that country, for it was during his government that the parliament of England asserted its right to make laws binding on Ireland, and that the first acts of the penal code were passed. As the devoted servant of King William, Gal- way would have, preferred to steer an even and impartial course, and so far as his per- sonal influence went it was exerted in moderating the violence of political and religious faction. But he was better fitted for the camp than for the council-chamber. His inability to speak English fluently natu- rally placed him at a disadvantage, and though his bearing was always courteous and conciliatory, his influence in affairs of state was really very small. His devotion to William's interest, his indifference to party politics, his high personal character, his perfect unselfishness, his discretion and tolerant disposition, were the chief reasons that influenced his appointment. For him- self he seems to have liked Ireland and the Irish people. During his residence there, and in the intervals of official business, he devoted himself to the improvement of his estates. By the liberal encouragement he offered them to settle on his land he esta- blished a flourishing colony of protestant refugees at Portarlington. He also built and endowed two churches, in one of which the liturgy in French was used till the be- ginning of the nineteenth century, and two schools, which were for a long time the most fashionable in Ireland. He was extremely charitable, and though a protestant of a pro- nounced type, he was so far unwilling to reap any personal advantage from his reli- gion that he not merely maintained the two grandsons of Lord Clanmalier at Eton, but expressed his intention of resigning their grandfather's estate to them on condition that they conformed to the law by becoming protestants. But in 1700 he was deprived of all his estates by the Act of Resumption. Personally he was not much affected by his loss, but William, who felt keenly for him, I gave him a pension of 1,000/. a year, and made him general of the Dutch forces, and colonel of the blue regiment of foot-guards. In April 1701 he obtained permission to re- tire from the government of Ireland. In July he accompanied Marlborough to Hol- land, and, after visiting the king at Loo, he i was sent to the elector of Cologne on a diplo- matic mission connected with the formation of the grand alliance. On his return to Eng- land, upon William's death, he took up his residence at a small house called Rookley, near Winchester, in the neighbourhood of his cousin, Lady Russell. He was troubled with gout, and, feeling himself growing infirm, he was anxious to retire from active employ- ment, but in June 1704 he was appointed, with the rank of general, to succeed the Duke of Schomberg as commander of the English forces in Portugal. He arrived at Lisbon on 10 Aug. At Almeida he inspected the troops, and, find- ing the commissariat defective, he opposed an autumn campaign in Spain. His opinion was overruled, but was justified bv the speedy retreat of the army from want of provisions. During the winter he was busily occupied in preparations for a new frontier campaign in the spring, and in furnishing the Prince of Hesse with additional forces for the defence of Gibraltar. The campaign of 1705 opened with the invasion of Estre- madura. Galway's plan for an immediate attack on Badajoz being rejected, the spring was consumed in the capture of Valenza and Albuquerque. In the autumn Badajoz was attacked, and on 2 Oct. the siege began under his direction, but while superintend- ing the erection of a battery his right hand was shattered by a shot from the fortress. He was compelled to retire, and the command devolved upon Baron Fagel, who raised the siege. Fever and irritation at Fagel's con- c 2 Massue 20 Massue duct rendered his condition so critical that he was compelled to solicit a pass from Mar- shal Tesse to proceed to Olivenca. Tess6 not only complied with his request, but sent his own physicians to attend on him, and in No- vember he began to recover. In the following spring, 1706, he was anxious to take advantage of Tesse's attempt to recapture Barcelona to advance straight on Madrid. The scheme, though a bold one, was approved by Marl- borough and the English ministers, but the Portuguese interposed so many obstacles that it was only by a singular admixture of firm- ness and address that he accomplished his purpose. Though so weak that he had to be lifted on horseback he drove the Duke of Berwick from the Guadiana to the Henares, wrested from him eight thousand Spanish troops and a hundred pieces of artillery, besides an immense amount of ammunition and provisions, and reduced the fortresses of Alcantara and Ciudad Rodrigo. On 27 June he entered Madrid, and for six weeks main- tained his position there. On 6 Aug. he was joined by King Charles at Guadalaxara, but meanwhile reinforcements had reached Ber- wick, the Spaniards had returned to their al- legiance to the Bourbons, and the opportunity created by Gal way had passed away. Find- ing it impossible to reoccupy Madrid, Gal way, after spending a month at Chinchon, deter- mined to fall back on Valencia. The retreat was conducted by him in a masterly fashion, and on 28 Sept. he gained the Valencian fron- tier without much loss. Perceiving the im- portance of occupying Madrid, he was anxious to renew the attempt in the following spring. At a council of war on 15 Jan. 1707 his plan, which had already been sanctioned by the English ministry, was approved by a ma- jority of the generals, but King Charles, acting on the sinister advice of Noyelles, refused to adopt it, and shortly afterwards withdrew, with the Dutch and Spanish troops, to Barcelona. Though greatly weakened by this defection, Galway, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief of all the English forces in Spain, was confirmed in his original intention by expectation of assistance from Lisbon. But feeling it neces- sary to provide in the first place for the de- fence of Valencia, he opened the campaign by destroying the French magazines on the Murcian frontier. At Villena he heard that Berwick, expecting to be joined by Orleans, was marching towards Almanza. " With the unanimous concurrence of the generals he de- termined to attack before the junction was effected. Considering his great inferiority, the resolution was a daring one, but an offensive policy had been determined upon, and an offensive policy, all things being considered, was probably the best course that could have been taken. He was compelled to yield the right to the Portuguese, but otherwise his arrange- ments for the battle were made with care, and in order to strengthen his cavalry he adopted the novel plan of interposing bat- talions of foot. The battle was lost through the cowardice of the Portuguese cavalry. Galway himself received a sabre wound near his right eye, which, depriving him of sight, obliged him to quit the field. But un- dismayed by his defeat, and after making what arrangements he could for the defence of Valencia, he retired into Catalonia, in order * to make up another army,' and within less than five months after his defeat he was able to take the field with 14,600 well- equipped troops. He was unable to avert the fall of Lerida, but his energy had saved the situation. He had long desired to be re- lieved from his post. He had lost an arm and an eye, and had become partially deaf. In December his wish was complied with, but the English ministers, in order to mark their approbation of his conduct, appointed him envoy extraordinary to the court of Lisbon, and commander-in-chief of the English forces in Portugal. He sailed on 8 Feb. 1708 for Lisbon. During that year the state of his health confined him entirely to his diplo- matic duties, but in 1709, though disap- proving strongly of Fronteira's determination to attack the Marquis de Bay, he commanded the English contingent at the battle on the Caya. He displayed great personal bravery. His horse was shot under him, and he nar- rowly escaped capture. But age and his infir- mities pressed heavily upon him, and he was glad when he was recalled in the following year. He returned to England shortly after the accession of Harley and the tories to power. In January 1711 the management of the war in Spain formed the subject of several acrimonious debates in the House of Lords. On 11 Jan. a motion censuring Galway for fighting the battle of Almanza was carried by sixty-four to forty-three, and a subse- quent motion, < that "the Earl of Galway, in yielding the post of her Majesty's troops to the Portuguese in Spain, acted contrary to the honour of the imperial crown of Great Britain,' by sixty-four to forty-four. The votes were a mere party manoeuvre, and cannot be held to affect either the wisdom or unwisdom of Galway's conduct at Al- manza. On his return to England he retired to Rookley, and about the same time resigned his colonelcy of the Dutch guards. In 1715 it was felt advisable, in view of the Jacobite Massue 21 Massue rising', to place the government of Ireland in firm hands. Accordingly on 23 Aug. the Duke of Grafton and Galway were appointed lords justices. They landed at Dublin on 1 Nov., but the parliament, which assembled a few days later, showed itself so distinctly loyal as to remove all anxiety from the government. On 11 Dec. it in a measure repaired the old wrong done to Galway by voting him a military pension of 500/. a year in addition to his civil pension of 1,000/. With the appointment of Lord Townshend as viceroy in January 1716 Galway's term of office came to an end. lie returned to England in February, and spent the re- mainder of his life at Rookley. He died on 3 Sept. 1720, during a visit to his cousin, Lady Russell, at Stratton House, and Avas buried at Micheldever churchyard on Sept., the grave never closing over a braver and more modest soldier. Galway was unmarried, tind the bulk of his property passed by will to Lady Russell. On his death his British titles became extinct, but the marquisate of Ruvigny arid Raineval passed to his nephew, Pierre David, one of whose sons came to Eng- land, and was a colonel in the royal engineers. It is from him that the present Marquis de Ruvigny and Raineval, and Philip Louis de Ruvigny, count d'Arcis, are descended. The Ruvigny estates in France were conferred by Louis XIV on Cardinal Polignac in 1711. An admirable mezzotint by Simon, from a picture by De, Graves, appeared in 1704. 'lie is,' wrote Macky about 1700, i one of the finest gentlemen in the army, with a head fitted for the cabinet as well as the camp ; is very modest, vigilant, and sincere ; a man of honour and honesty, without pride or affectation ; wears his own hair, is plain in his dress and manners.' [D. C. A, Agnew's Life of the Earl of Gal- way, Edinburgh, 1864, and the carefully written memoir in the same author's Protestant Exiles from France, i. 144-219, London, 1871, are the chief sources of information. For special infor- mation regarding his career us a Frenchman may be added St.-Simon's Mt-moires. ed. Paris, 1873 ; Haag's La France Protfstante, art. ' Massue ; ' Benoit's Hist. del'Edit de Nantes, iv. 353; Mignct's Negociations relati s a la Suc- cession d'p]spagne. vol. iv. in Collection de Docu- ments Inedits; Copies and Extracts of some Letters written to and from the Earl of Danby in the years 1676, 1677, and 1678. published by his Grace's direction, London, 1710; Duke of Leeds Official Corresp., Additional MS. 28054 ; Dalrymple's Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland ; Savile Correspondence (Camden Society); Temple's Memoirs, p. 321; Burnet's O wn Time; Wei ss's Hist. desRefugies Protestants de France, of which a translation was published at Edinburgh in 1854. For the campaign in Ireland the following may be usefully con- j suited : G. Story's Impartial History and Con- tinuation of the Wars in Ireland, London, 1693; Dumont de Bostaquet's Memoires inedits, Paris, 1864, quoted by Macaulay as the Dumont MS. ; O'Kelly's Macaria? Excidium (Irish Archseol. Society) ; An Exact Journal of the Victorious Progress of General Ginkell, London, 1691 ; R. Kane's Campaigns of Wil- liam III; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Kep. pp. 321, 323, 324. For the campaign in Savoy: Gal- way's Letters in Cox's Original Correspondence of the Duke of Shrewsbury have been supple- mented by Memoirs of the Transactions in Savoy during this War, London, 1697; State Papers, Savoy and Sardinia, No. 31 in the Public Record Office ; Addit. MSS. British Museum, 19771, 21494 f. 45, 28879 f. 47. For the period of his government of Ireland : The State Papers, Ireland, in the Public Record Office, are un- fortunately very scanty, and have been utilised in Fronde's English in Ireland; but Grim- blot's Letters of William III and Vernon's Letters illustrative of the Reign of William III furnish additional and confirmatory information. To them may be added Dr. Burridge's Short View of the Present State of Ireland, Dublin, 1 708 ; History of the Ministerial Conduct of the Chief Governors of Ireland from 1688 to 1753, London, 1754; The Case of the Forfeitures in Ireland fairly stated, London, 1 700 ; Jus Regium, or the King's liightto Grant Forfeitures, in Col- lection of State Tracts published during the reign of William III, ii. 7 31, the author of which appears to have been Dr. E. Burridge. For matters re- lating to military appointments and the clisband- ment of the army Addit, MSS. 9716 and 9718 ; and for miscellaneous information Addit. MSS. i 28053 f. 400. 28218 f. 29, 28881 f. 411, 28882 f. 59, 28883 f. 344, 28885 f. 249; Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 193, 7th Rep. p. 806. In re- gard to his conduct in Spain the Hon. A.Parnell's War of the Succession in Spain is distinctly the most valuable authority; Abel Boyer's Annals of the Reign of Queen Anne supplies impartial and trustworthy contemporary information ; An Impartial Enquiry into the Management of the War in Spain, London, 1712 (reprinted in 1726 with a new title-page, 'The History of the Last War in Spain from 1702 to 1710'), is based on the Annals, and may have been written l>j Boyer himself; the Godolphin Official Corresp., Addit. MSS. 28056 and 28057, includes many letters from Galway, and some useful information is contained in the Leake Papers, Addit. MSS. 5441 and 5443 ; Griffet's Rerueil de Lettres pour servir a 1'Histoire Militaire du Ilegne de Louis XIV; De Quincey's Histoire Militaire du Regne de Louis le Grand, and H. Reynald's Succession d'Espagne deserve to Le consulted ; Cobbett's Parliamentary History, vi. 936, fur- nishes a full account of the debates in the House of Lords on the management of the war. Glean- ings more or less valuable are to be found in Master 22 Master the Duke of Berwick's Memoirs; Memoires 6u Lettres du Comte de Tesse ; Maryborough's Let- ters and Despatches ; Kemble's State Papers ; Cole's Memoirs ; Eichard Hill's Diplomatic Cor- resp. ; Private Corresp. of the Duchess of Marl- borough ; Addit. MSS. 7077 f. 156, 15170 f. 197, 15866 f. 138, 15895 ff. 41, 54. 15916 f. 21, 16467 f. 191, 20966 f. 37, 21136 ff. 45, 59, 22200, 22231 f. 97, 22880 f. 23, 29587 f. 91, 29588 f. 400; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep., Duke of Marlborough's MSS., 9th Eep. p. 467, 10th Rep. pt. i. p. 521, pt. iv. p. 340, pt. v. pp. 182, 511, llth Rep. pt. iv. pp. 331-4, pt. v. pp. 297-9, 12th Rep. App. pt. v., Duke of Rutland's MSS. vol. ii. For general information reference should be made to the histories of Burnet, Harris, Kennet, Tindal, Stanhope, Macaulay, and Burton. Luttrell's Diary often supplies information not noted elsewhere. Some personal details are in Lady Russell's Letters and in the works of St. Evremond. For special information on one or two points the writer of the article is indebted to the present Marquis de Buvigny. Galway's letters are almost entirely in French. The writ- ing is legible and the style agreeable. After the loss of his right hand at Badajoz he employed an amanuensis, but signed his letters with his left hand.] R. D. MASTER, RICHARD, M.D. (d. 1588), physician, was a younger son of Robert Master of Streetend, in the parish of Willes- borough,Kent, On 29 Oct. 1533, being- fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, lie graduated B.A., proceeding M.A. on 11 May 1537. He was converted from popery by the perusal of the works of Heinrich Bullinger. He seems to have been personally acquainted with Rudolph Walther whenWalther visited Eng- land in 1537, and Master subsequently cor- responded with him. About 1539 lie ac- cepted a benefice in the church of England, but soon afterwards resigned it to the patron because he considered himself ill qualified for the function of a good clergyman. He then betook himself to medical studies at Oxford, and was admitted M.B. with license to practise in 1545 (FOSTEE, Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714, iii. 986). In 1547 lie migrated to Christ Church, proceeded M.D. on 29 July 1555, and was incorporated at Cambridge in 1571. About 1549 he was seized with a fever, which confined him to his bed for more than eighteen months. He was carried in a litter into Kent for a change of air, but while there had a quartan ague of three months' con- tinuance. Admitted fellow of the College of Physicians on 17 March 1553, lie was censor in 1556, 1557, 1558, and 1560, elect in 1558, president in 1561, and consiliarius in 1564 and 1583. By patent dated 26 June 1559 he was constituted physician to Q Elizabeth, with the yearly fee of 100/. ueen On 13 March 1562-3 he was made prebendary of York (Ls NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 188), and on 6 Jan. 1564-5 the queen by letters patent, for the consideration of 590/. 16s. 4he took almost all trace of his own individuality, and could even disguise his voice. His Lying Valet, Risk in ' Love laughs at Locksmiths,' Don Manuel in 'She would and she W 7 ould not,' and Old Philpot in the ' Citizen ' are a few among many parts in which he won warmest commendation. Horace Smith says: 'There was but one Charles Mathews in the world there never can be such another ! Mimics, buffoons, jesters, wags, and even admirable comedians we shall never want ; but what are the best of them compared to him? ' In the Mathews collection now in the Garrick Club are nu- merous portraits, among which may be sig- nalled portraits by De Wilde as Sir Fretful Plagiary, Somno in ' The Sleepwalker/ as Matthew Daw in < The School for Friends/ and as Buskin in ' Killing no Murder ;' and by Harlowe in four different characters. Clint shows him as Flexible in a scene from ' Love, Law, and Physic/ introducing also Liston, Blanchard, and Emery. Very many portraits of Mathews, principally in character, appear in his wife's ' Memoirs' of him. Paint- ings of him and of his wife by Masquerier belong to the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, and two portraits of Mrs. Mathews are also in the Garrick Club. Many of Mathews's 'At Homes ' have been published, and are valued for the illustrations. [The chief authority for the life of Mathews consists of the Memoirs by his wife, 4 vols. 8vo, 1839, some dates in which may Le corrected by Genest's Account of the English Stage. A con- tinuation of the Memoirs of Charles Mathews, 2 vols. 8vo, was issued in Philadelphia in 1839, and is almost unknown in England. The early portions of the Memoirs are by Mathews him- self. Wightwick contributed in 1833 '.Recol- lections of Charles Mathews' to Eraser's Maga- zine. A full account of his entertainments is given in ' The Manager's Note-book,' which appeared in Bentley's Miscellany ; and single entertain- ments are described in the New Monthly Maga- zine and many other periodicals. Biographies appear in the Georgian Era, Oxberry's Dramatic Biography, vol. v., and Thespian Dictionary. See also Peake's Colman, Dunlap's Cooke, Ber- nard's Recollections, &c., Barham's Hook, the Life of C. M. Young, by Julian i T oung, Eecords of a Veteran, &c., Dibdin's Edinburgh Stage, and Lowe's Bibliographical Account of English Theatrical Literature.] J. K. MATHEWS, CHARLES JAMES (18C3- 1878), actor and dramatist, son of Charles Mathews [q. v.], was born in Basnett Street, Liverpool, on 26 Dec. 1803, and christened at St. Helen's Church, York. After attend- ing preliminary schools at Hackney and Ful- ham, he went to Merchant Taylors', where he boarded with the Rev. Thomas Cherry, the Mathews Mathews head-master, who is said to have taken a strong dislike to him. Mathews was then removed to a private school in the Clapham Road, kept by Richardson the lexicographer, where he formed friendships with John Mit- chell Kemble and Julian Young, and was one of Richardson's assistants in copying ex- tracts for the dictionary. On 4 May 1819 he was articled to Augustus Pugin [q. v.] as an architect, and designed the picture gallery for his father's cottage in Kentish Town, where he subsequently met Byron, Scott, Moore,Coleridge, Colman, Lamb,LeighHunt, the Smiths, Campbell, and other men of eminence. In company with his master he visited York, Oxford, and various country towns, executing sketches, some of which were inserted in architectural works. A visit with Pugin to Paris, in which he saw the principal French comedians, fostered a lurking disposition towards the stage, and he made after his return his first appearance as an amateur at the Lyceum Theatre on 26 April 1822, playing, under the name of M. Perlet, Dorival, a comedian in 'Le Come- dien d'Etampes/ a French piece subsequently adapted by him under the title of ' He would be an Actor,' singing a song as M. Emile of the Porte Saint-Martin Theatre, and acting in his own name as Werther in the ' Sor- rows of Werther/ by John Poole, in which his mother took the part of Charlotte. His imitations of French actors were received with much favour. His father urged him to adopt the stage, but he liked his profession. Refus- ing a renewed invitation to join John Nash Sq. v.], the architect, he went over in 1823 to reland, when his articles had expired, for the purpose of building for Lord Blessington a house at Mountjoy Forest, co. Tyrone. Very little progress, or none at all, was made with the scheme. Mathews stayed hunting, shoot- ing, fishing, &c., and discussing details of the house, never to be built, and then accepted an invitation from his patron to accompany him to Italy. In Naples he stayed a year at the Palazzo Belvedere, the party including his host and hostess, Miss Power, the sister of Lady Blessington, and Count D'Orsay, with whom he had a misunderstanding almost leading to a duel. His imitations of Italian life and manners were the delight of a fashion- able world, English and foreign. Madden, in his i Life of Blessington,' describes him at the period as an admirable sketch er and a close student of his profession, ' full of humour, vivacity, and drollery, but gentlemanlike Avithal, marvellously mercurial, always in motion,' but steady and well conducted. After a couple of years spent in Wales as architect to a Welsh iron and coal company at Coed Talwn, North Wales, where he buiM Hartsheath Hall, an inn, a bridge, and some cottages, he entered the employ of Nash, buft kept on an office in Parliament Street as a prac- tising architect. His leisure time he occupied in writing songs and trifling pieces for the theatre. Among the latter were ' Pong- wong,' ' Pyramus and Thisbe,' ' Truth,' l My Wife's Mother,' < The Wolf and the Lamb, r and ' The Court Jesters.' On 30 April 1827, in company with D'Egville, he started once- more, on an allowance from his father, for Italy. Milan and Venice were visited, and in the former city the travellers, who exhi- bited some paintings, were admitted mem- bers of the academy. From Trieste they pro- ceeded to Florence, where Mathews caught the small-pox. At the Palazzo San dementi Lord Norinanby had erected a private theatre, in which Mathews played comic characters, such as Peter in ( Romeo and Juliet,' Laun- celot Gobbo, and Falstaff in the ' First Part of King Henry IV.' From Rome, where Mathews suffered much from malaria, they returned to Venice, and at the close of 183(> Mathews arrived home on crutches. Five years of a desultory life, spent in visiting at the houses of noblemen and the like, followed, and included his acceptance of the post of district surveyor at Bow. His father's failure put an end to this idle- career, and on 28 Sept. 1835 he turned his theatrical abilities to account, and, in conjunc- tion with Yates, opened the Adelphi Theatre. The first piece was 'Mandrin/ an adaptation by Mathews of a well-known French melo- drama. The speculation failed, and Mathews retired from management. On 6 Nov. 1835 he appeared at the Olympic in his own piece, the ' Humpbacked Lover,' in which he played George Rattleton, and in a farce by Leman Rede, called ' The Old and Young 'Stagers,' Listen, who recited a prologue, being the old stager, and Mathews the young. His per- formance was fashionable, though his success* was not triumphant. On 18 July 1838, at Kensington Church ? he married his manager, Madame Vestris [see MATHEWS, LUCIA ELIZABETH]. A visit to America which followed was unsuccessful. Mathews then reappeared at the Olympic in ' Patter versus Clatter,' to the end a favourite piece. On 30 Sept. 1839 Mathews and his wife opened Covent Garden with an elabo- rate revival of ' Love's Labour's Lost/ the company including Robert Keeley, Bartley y Meadows, Anderson, Mrs. Nisbett, and Mrs. Humby. This was a failure. 'Love' by Sheridan Knowles followed, introducing- Miss Ellen Tree, with little better result, and Mathews found himself involved in debts Mathews 39 Mathews from whicli lie was unable to free himself. The ' Beggar's Opera/ with Harrison as Mac- heath and Madame Vestris as Lucy Lockett, was more successful, and the 'Merry Wives of Windsor/ with Mathews as Slender and Mrs. Nisbett and Madame Vestris as the wives, proved a draw. During the period in which he held possession of Covent Garden he produced over a hundred plays, operas, interludes, farces, melodramas, and panto- mimes, including ' Hamlet/ ' Komeo and Juliet/ the * School for Scandal/ ' A Midsum- mer-Night's Dream/ given seventy times, the ' Rivals/ ' Twelfth Night/ an alteration of the ' Spanish Curate/ &c. Among the no- velties were Leigh Hunt's l Legend of Flo- rence/7 Feb. 1840, given thirteen times; the ' Baronet/ a comedy by Haynes Bayly, hissed from the stage; the 'Bride of Messina/ sub- sequently known as * John of Procida/ by Sheridan Knowles, 19 Sept. 1840 ; the ' Greek Boy/ a musical afterpiece by Samuel Lover [q.V.]; the ' White Milliner;' Boucicault's ' London Assurance/ in which Mathews played Dazzle ; ' Old Maids/ by Sheridan Knowles, a failure; and several farces, some of them, as ( You can't marry your Grand- mother/ ' He would be an Actor/ &c., his own works. Charles Kemble accepted an engagement and reappeared. On 2 Nov. 1841 Adelaide Kemble appeared as Norma, with a success that drew on Mathews the at- tention of the proprietors of Covent Garden, who pressed him for arrears of rent, and so sealed his ruin. His management finished on 30 April 1 842. An arrest for debt followed, and Mathews was lodged in the Queen's Bench, whence, after an act of bankruptcy, he was released, under conditions with re- gard to his creditors that deprived him of all chance of shaking oft' the burden. A flight to Paris was followed by a fresh bank- ruptcy. In October 1842 Mathews and his wife were engaged for Drury Lane by Macready, but they soon quarrelled with him, and transferred their services to the Haymarket. There they appeared 14 Nov. 1842, respec- tively as Charles Surface and Lady Teazle. On 29 Aug. 1 843 Mathews made a great hit as Giles in Planche's ' Who's your Friend ? ' and 6 Feb. 1844 a still greater success as Sir Charles Coldstream in' Used up.' On 22 Feb. 1843 Mathews, with his wife, made his first ap- pearance in Edinburgh, playing Mr. Charles Swiftly in 'One Hour' and in 'Patter versus Clatter.' After performing at the Surrey and at the Princess's, and in various country towns, Mathews opened the Lyceum 18 Oct. 1 847 with the ' Light Dragoons/ the ' Two Queens/ and the ' Pride of^the Market/ the company including Harley, Buckstone, Leigh Murray, Charles Selby, and Mrs. Stirling. For seven years the theatre was remunera- tively conducted, without enabling Mathews to get free from debt, and a whip upon the part of some friends and a ' bumper ' public benefit followed unavailingly a new bank- ruptcy. Management was resigned, and Mathews, after playing in the country, was lodged for a month, beginning 4 July 1856, as a common prisoner in Lancaster Castle. On 8 Aug. following his wife died, and Mathews, a year later, after playing at Drury Lane, where he was acting-manager, re visited America, where he met and married his second wife, who survives, then Mrs. (Lizzie) Da- venport, an actress at Burton's Theatre, New York. He played sixty nights at Burton's Theatre. In October 1858, with his wife as Lady Gay Spanker, he reappeared at the i Haymarket as Dazzle in ' London As- i surance.' He played a round of his favourite ! characters, including, for the first time, Paul ! Pry and Goldfinch in the 'Road to Ruin.' In 1860-1 he was again at Drury Lane r where he played AVill Wander in a wild melodrama adapted by himself, and called ' The Savan- nah/and on 25 Nov. 1861 appeared with his i wife at the concert-room (then called the i Bijou Theatre) in Her Majesty's Theatre in an I entertainment called 'Mr. and Mrs. Mathews at Home/ illustrated by pictures by John ! O'Connor, from sketches by Mathews. 'My i W r ife and I/ and a burlesque by II. J. i Byron, the ' Sensation Fork, or the Maiden, the Maniac, and the Midnight Murderers/ j were also given. In 1863 he was again at I the Haymarket, and the same year played in ! Paris, at the Theatre des Varietes, in ' Un j Anglais Timide/ a French version of ' Cool ! as a Cucumber.' This experiment was re- j peated in the autumn of 1865, when, at the j Vaudeville, he played in ' L'llomme Blase ' (' Used up '). Both engagements were successful, but were not renewed, though j Mathews in July 1867 played ' Un Anglais j Timide ' at the St. James's, for the benefit j of Ravel, and gave ' Cool as a Cucumber ' the | same night at the Olympic. Between these ! performances Mathews had acted at the St. James's in 'Woodcock's Little Game' and in [ 'Adventures of a Love-Letter/ his own adapta- ! tion of M. Sardou's ' Pattes de Mouche.' A ! scheme for a journey round the world led to ! a benefit at Covent Garden, 4 Jan. 1870, in i which, in scenes from various plays, the prin- cipal actors of the day took part, and a dinner ! at Willis's Rooms on the 10th, over which \ Mathews, contrary to custom, presided. j Mathews himself played, on the 4th, his Mathews Mathews favourite character of Puff in the second act of the 'Critic/ Mrs. Mathews appearing as Tilburina. On 9 April 1870 he made his first ap- pearance at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne in ' Patter versus Clatter ' and ' Married fo Money.' Various parts were played, anc Ballarat, Sydney, and Adelaide were visited the Australian trip ending 31 Jan. 1871, when he set sail for Auckland. He gave there a performance of ' Used up ' and ' Cool as a Cucumber' at 11 A.M. on 7 Feb., and sailec three hours later for Honolulu, where he acted for one night. On the 12th he arrived at San Francisco, where he performed, then proceeded to New York, and fulfilled a six weeks' engagement. A tour in the United States and Canada followed, and on 1 June 1872 he took, at Wallack's Theatre, New York, as Sir Simon Simple in H. J. Byron's ' Not such a Fool as he looks,' his farewell of America. On 7 Oct. 1872 he appeared at the Gaiety Theatre, London, in 'A Curious Case ' and the ' Critic/ A second engagement at the same house began 26 May 1873, and a third, 29 Sept. of the same year. In 1874 he was again at the Gaiety, and 13 Sept. 1875 produced there his own adaptation/ My Awful Dad ' (' Un Pere Prodigue '). This was his last new part. The periods between these per- formances had been spent in the country. In November 1875 he went to India, and played at Calcutta before the Prince of Wales. In 1876 he was again at the Gaiety, and in 1877 at the Opera Comique, where, in the ' Liar ' and the ' Cosy Couple,' he reappeared 2 June 1877. In 1878 he started on a country tour with a company under the management of Miss Sarah Thorne. On 8 June he made his last appearance, playing at Stalybridge in ' My Awful Dad.' He died 24 June, at the Queen's Hotel in Manchester. His body was removed to 59 Belgrave Koad, S.W., his last London residence, and was on the 29th buried in Kensal Green cemetery. Mathews played some 240 characters, very many of them in his own pieces. His most conspicuous successes were obtained in light comedy and farce. Passion and pathos seemed wholly alien from his nature, and even on those occasions when he obtained the most flattering homage an actor can receive he found himself compelled to speak words of gratitude, he remained ' cool as a cucumber ' conveying sometimes the idea that the seriousness of those around him perplexed as much as it pleased him. The motto of the dial was held to apply to him in acting- Moras non numero nisi serenas.' He was within limits, an admirable comedian. In his early days he was a model of grace, bright- ness, and elegance. George H. Lewes tells how the youth of the day were wont to worship him, and says of his Affable Hawk I that its artistic merit was so great l that it almost became an offence against morality, by investing a swindler with irresistible charms, and making the very audacity of deceit a source of pleasurable sympathy/ Lewes saw M. Got in the same part, and says that he prefers Mathews. Lewes owns, how- ever, that Mathews was ' utterly powerless in the manifestation of all the powerful emotions : rage, scorn, pathos, dignity, vin- dictiveness, tenderness, and wild mirth are all beyond his means. He cannot even laugh with animal heartiness. He sparkles ; he never explodes/ Mathews had, however, airiness, finesse, aplomb, and, in spite of an occasional tendency to jauntiness, repose and good breeding, which are rare on the English stage, and he had powers of observation and gifts of mimicry. His popularity was inde- scribable, and at times embarrassing. His frequent imprisonment and the class of parts he played gained him a character he did not wholly deserve of ' a gay dog/ He was not at all the reckless character popu- larly supposed, was the least possible of a gourmet, and was a little shy in the presence of strangers. His greatest parts were Sir Charles Coldstream in 'Used up/ Affable Hawk in ' A Game of Speculation/ Lavater, the hero of 'Cool as a Cucumber/ Puff in the 'Critic,' and the Chorus in Planche's ' Golden Fleece/ Of Mathews's plays, mostly adaptations, no full catalogue seems to be in existence. A list of his own pieces and of those in which he had appeared was contributed to the ' London Figaro/ whence it was, with additions, transferred as an appendix to Mr. Dickens's ' Life of Mathews/ Such of the plays as are printed are included in Lacy's ' Acting Edition ' and the collections of Cumberland, Webster, &c. The British Museum collection is meagre. In the ' Chain of Events/ a drama in eight acts, Mathews collaborated with Slingsby Lawrence (LEWES, Actors). With the exception of this piece and the ' Savannah/ a four-act melodrama, in which he was seen at Drury Lane, his plays were generally in three acts or less. His three-act pieces included ' Black Domino/ 'Dead for a Ducat/ 'Married for Money/ Milliner to the King/ ' Match for a King/ and ' Soft Sex/ In two acts are ' Aggra- vating Sam/ ' Bachelor of Arts/ 'Carlo/ Court Jester," Impudent Puppy/ ' Kill him again/ ' My Awful Dad/ < My Wife's Mother/ Pong-wong/ 'Serve him Right/ 'Striking Likeness/ ' Take that Girl away/ ' Who killed Mathews Mathews Cock Robin ? ' In one act he wrote ' Cousin German/ 'Cherry and Blue/ 'Dowager/ 'He would be an Actor/ 'Humpbacked Lover/ 'His Excellency/ 'Little Toddlekins/ 4 Mathews & Co./ ' Methinks I see my Father/ ' My Mother's Maid/ ' My Usual Luck/ ' Nothing to Wear/ ' Patter v. Clatter/ ( Paul Pry Married and Settled/ ' Pyramus and Thisbe/ ' Ringdoves/ ' Too Kind by Half/ ' Two in the Morning/ ' Wolf and the Lamb/ 1 Why did you Die ? ' ' You're Another.' Many of these are trifles, intended to serve a temporary purpose, and more than one is now forgotten. Into all the pieces in which he played he put sometimes so much that it is difficult to say where he is to be credited with collaboration. He translated ' Cool as a Cucumber ' into French as ' Un Anglais Timide/ Paris, 1864, 12mo. One or two of his pieces were translated into German. He also wrote a 'Lettre aux Auteurs Dramatiques de la France/ London, 1852. A translation of this was published the same year. The bur- lesques which were a feature in the Lyceum management are dealt with in the bio- graphy of his wife. A complete gallery of brilliant sketches of Mathews in various cha- racters is exhibited in the Garrick Club. The costumes are innumerable, but it is not espe- cially difficult to trace the same man under each disguise. [The Life of Charles James Mathews, chiefly autobiographical, with selections from his corre- spondence and letters, edited by Charles Dickens, 2 vols. 1879, is the principal authority. His early life is depicted in the Memoirs of Charles Mathews by Anne Mathews. Personal informa- tion, backed up by files of the Literary Gazette, the Athenaeum, and the Sunday Times, has been used. See also Mr. Clark Russell's Representa- tive Actors, Or. H. Le-wes's Actors and Acting, the New Monthly Magazine, and Dibdin's Edin- burgh Stage.] J. K. MATHEWS, LUCIA ELIZABETH or ELIZABETTA, also known as MADAME VESTRIS (1797-1856), actress, the daughter of Gaetano Stefano Bartolozzi [q. v.] and his wife, Theresa Jansen, daughter of a dancing- master of Aix-la-Chapelle, was born in Janu- ary 1797 at 72 Dean Street, Soho, London, or, according to another and improbable ac- count, in Naples. She received rudimentary education at Manor Hall, Fulham Road, and learned music with Dr. Jay and Domenico Corri [q. v.] She married, 28 Jan. 1813, at St. Martin's Church, Auguste Armand Ves- tris (d. 1825), a dancer and ballet-master at the King's Theatre, the witnesses being Gae- tano Bartolozzi, Lucy Elizabeth Tomkins, and Cecilia Voilet. Possessor of ' one of the most luscious of low voices/^great sprightli- ness and vivacity, a beautiful face, and ' an almost faultless figure/ she took at first to Italian opera, making her appearance, 20 July 1815, at the King's Theatre, as Proserpina in Peter Winter's ' II Ratto di Proserpina.' Her success was immediate ; she was said to possess a perfect contralto voice, a cor- rect harmonious expression, to appear about eighteen, and to have ' a countenance expres- sive rather of modest loveliness than of any very marked passion ' ( Theatrical Inquisitor and Monthly Mirror, vii. 57). Her training was, however, deficient, and her voice needed cultivation. The following year she reap- peared as Proserpina, and played in Winter's 'Zaira/ 17 Feb. 1816, Martini's ' CosaRara/ Mozart's ' Cosi fan tutte/ and Susanna in his ' Nozze di Figaro.' In the winter she acted at the Italian Opera, Paris, at the Theatre Francais, where she enacted Camille to the Horace of Talma, and at other theatres. Her husband, who had been arrested for debt and cleared himself by bankruptcy, and who had full occasion to doubt her fidelity, deserted her while in Paris, and was never reunited to her. Her first appearance on the English stage (non-Italian) was made at Drury Lane, 19 Feb. 1820, as Lilla, a part created by Signora Storache, in Cobb's ' Siege of Bel- grade/ On 25 March, for one night only, she was Caroline in Prince Hoare's ' Prize ; ' on 5 April Artaxerxes in the opera of that name, translated from Metastasio ; on 18 May as Adela in Cobb's ' Haunted Tower;' and on 30 May caught the town as Don Giovanni in MoncriefFs ' Giovanni in London/ trans- ferred by Elliston from the Olympic. On 4 Nov. she played Macheath in the ' Beggar's Opera/ and 28 Nov. was the original Monsel in ' Justice, or the Caliph and the Cobler.' Little Pickle in the ' Spoil'd Child/ Rose Sydney in ' Secrets worth knowing/ Edmund in the ' Blind Boy/ and Effie Deans in the ' Heart of Midlothian ' were among the parts taken in this second season. On 19 June 1821 she played Macheath at Covent Gar- den, apparently for one occasion only. At Drury Lane, 22 Dec., she was Giovanni in ' Giovanni in Ireland/ an unsuccessful attempt to obtain an aftermath of the suc- cess of ' Giovanni in London.' During the season she played in a version of Scott's ' Pirate/ was Paul in ' Paul and Virginia/ the original Bell in Knight's opera ' The Veteran, or the Farmer's Sons/ 23 Feb. 1822, Betty Blackberry in the ' Farmer,' and Nell in the ' Devil to Pay.' In the summer she was at the Haymarket, where she was the original Lisette in a musical farce called 'Love Letters/ 24 June 1822, and played Patrick, the hero of O'Keeffe's ' Poor Soldier.' Mathews Mathews At Drury Lane, Covent Garden, or the Hay- market, with an occasional appearance in Italian opera, she played many comic and some serious parts, among- which may be noted Ophelia and Mrs. Oakley. She was at Drury Lane, 19 Dec. 1822, the original Her- man in Dimond's 'Tale of Other Times,' played Florella in 'My Grandmother/ Maria in * A Roland for an Oliver,' Annette in the Lord of the Manor,' Letitia Hardy in the ' Belle's Stratagem,' was at Drury Lane, 13 Jan. 1824, the original Pauline in Beaz- ley's opera ' Philandering, or the Rose Queen,' was Ariel to Macready's Prospero, Luciana in the ' Comedy of Errors/ Lydia Languish, Rosalind, Lady Teazle, Mrs. Ford and also Mrs. Page in the ' Merry Wives of Windsor/ Carlos in the * Duenna/ Hypolita in ' She would and she would not/ Diana Vernon, and Cherubino in the ' Marriage of Figaro.' Her original parts also included Phoebe in ' Paul Pry/ Haymarket, 13 Sept. 1825; Georgette Clairville in ' 'Twas I/ Covent Garden, 3 Dec. 1825; Fatima, a character introduced by Planch6 into his adaptation of ' Oberon/ Covent Garden, 12 April 1826; Madame Germance in Pocock's ' Home, Sweet Home/ Covent Garden, 19 March 1829 ; and Kate O'Brien in Haynes Bayly's 'Perfection, or the Lady of Minister/ Drury Lane, 25 March 1830. In 1825 she sang ' Cherry Ripe ' at Vauxhall. On 8 June 1820, at Covent Garden, she performed Macheath, positively, as was announced, ' for the last time.' On 29 March 1828 she, however, repeated it. She played frequently in Ireland and at Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and other places. Genest, who saw her in Bath in 1827-8, says that she did herself no credit by her Hypo- lita, and was not qualified to play first-rate characters, but was ' one of the best singing actresses that ever appeared.' Her singing in songs such as ' Cherry Ripe/ * Meet me by moonlight alone/ 'I've been roaming/ 'The Light Guitar/ 'Rise, gentle Moon/ 'Buy a Broom/ &c., delighted town and country, as did her performances in ' breeches ' parts, Don Giovanni, Macheath, Cherubino. On 3 Jan. 1831, Mme. Vestris according to a prologue by John Hamilton Reynolds, delivered on the occasion, the first female lessee the stage had known opened the Olympic in partnership with Maria Foote [q. V.J, who soon, however, seceded from management. Her opening programme con- sisted of ' Mary Queen of Scots,' with Miss Foote as the queen ; the ' Little Jockey/ also for Miss Foote ; ' Clarissa Harlowe/ a burletta, introducing Mrs. Glover ; and ' Olympic Revels/ by Planch and Dance, the first of a series of extravaganzas in which Mme. Vestris obtained her greatest triumphs. The mounting and decoration of these were superintended by her and were regarded as models of taste. In ' Olympic Revels ' Mme. Vestris made a hit as Pandora, raising the theatre to the height of popularity. Following this came < Olympic Devils/ 26 Dec. 1831, in which she was Orpheus ; the ' Paphian Bower, or Venus and Adonis/ 26 Dec. 1832, in which she was Venus ; ' High, Low, Jack, and Game/ 30 Sept. 1833, with Mme. Vestris as Queen of Hearts; the 'Deep, Deep Sea, or Perseus and Andromeda/ in which she was Perseus. She played Calypso in ' Telemachus, or the Island of Calypso/ 26 Dec. 1834 ; Princess Esmeralda in ' Riquet with the Tuft/ 26 Dec. 1836; Ralph in ' Puss in Boots/ 26 Dec. 1837 ; and Praise in the * Drama's Levee/ 16 April 1838. She had meanwhile gathered for the performance of comedy and burlesque a com- pany including Mrs. Orger, Mrs. Humby, Miss Murray, Keeley, Farren, Bland, and j Liston, and, after a few years, her future j husband [see MATHEWS, CHARLES JAMES], who made his debut, 7 Dec. 1835, under her management. After her marriage she started | with him for America, received ungenerous treatment, and returned poorer than she went, to reappear at the Olympic as Fleurette in ' Blue Beard/ 1 Jan. 1839. She took her farewell of the Olympic 31 May 1839, and aided her husband in his management of Covent Garden, beginning 30 Sept. 1839. Here she played many musical parts in operas, ' Artaxerxes/ ' Comus/ the ' Marriage of Figaro/ in which she was Cherubino, &c. ; played in ' Love's Labour's Lost/ Oberon in ' A Midsummer-Night's Dream/ and was Lucy Lockit in the ' Beggar's Opera.' Her ori- ginal parts included Catherine in Sheridan Knowles's ' Love/ 1839, Lady Anne in the same writer's ' Old Maids/ 1841, and Grace Harkaway in Boucicault's < London Assur- ance/ 4 March 1841. She also produced some of Planche's burlesques : ' The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood/ 20 April 1840, in which she was the Princess Is-a-belle; 'Beauty and the Beast/ 12 April 1841,' in which she was Beauty ; and the ' White Cat/ 28 March 1842. She was unable, however, to fight against the burden of debt to which Mathews succumbed. At the Haymarket, where, after having played with Macready at Drury Lane, she accepted an engagement under Webster, she was Medea in Planche'^ ' Golden Fleece/ 24 March 1845, and Suivanta in his ' Golden Branch/ 27 Dec. 1847. She then went with her husband to the Princess's, where she appeared in March 1846, and then undertook the management of the Lyceum, opening in October 1847 with the ' Pride of Mathews 43 Mathews the Market.' Charles Mathews played his familiar parts, and Mrs. Mathews produced the best remembered of Planche's burlesques. A company including the Leigh Murrays, Selby, Harley, Meadows, Buckstone, Mrs. Fitzwilliam, and Mrs. Stirling, made the house one of the most fashionable in London. William Beverley painted the scenery, and what was long known as the transformation scene was introduced. In April 1848 she played Theseus to the Daedalus of Mathews in Planche's ' Theseus and Ariadne ; ' on 26 Dec. 1848 was Argus the Brilliant-eyed in his ' King of the Peacocks ; ' on 9 April 1849 produced the ' Seven Champions of Christendom;' on 26 Dec. 1849 the 'Island of Jewels;' on 1 April 1850 * Cymon and Iphigenia; ' on 26 Dec. 1850 was King Charm- ing the First in ' King Charming ; ' on 21 April 1851 produced the ' Queen of the Frogs;' on 26 Dec. 1851 the ' Prince of Happy Land ' (' La Biche au Bois ') ; on 27 Dec. 1852 was Dame Goldenhead in the l Good Woman in the Wood ; ' and 26 Dec. 1853 was Queen Dominantia in ' Once upon a time there were two Kings/ Her last appearance was for her husband's benefit at the Lyceum, 26 July 1854, in ' Sunshine through Clouds,' an adaptation of ' La Joie fait Peur ' of Madame de Girardin. She died, after a long and painful illness, 8 Aug. 1856, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. She was responsible for many improvements in stage scenery and effects, and had much taste in costume. As a singer of songs she had no equal on the stage. Had she possessed musical patience and energy, she might, says Chorley in his ' Musi- cal Recollections,' have ' queened it ' at the Italian opera. In high comedy she was but moderately successful, and, though her Julia in the ' Rivals ' found admirers, her Lady Teazle was generally condemned. Leigh Hunt ascribes to her at the outset tender- ness, depth, and subtlety. Her command of these qualities, if ever possessed, was soon lost, and apart from the attraction of a flexible mouth, large lustrous eyes, and a thick crop of dark hair, her chief gifts were archness, fascination, mutinerie, a careless acceptance of homage, and a kind of constant confidential appeal to an audience by which she was always spoiled. In pieces such as the ' Carnival Ball,' the ' Loan of a Lover,' ' Naval Engagements,' and * You can't marry your Grandmother,' she was irresis- tible. At the Hay market she was bewitch- ing in the l Little Devil,' an adaptation from Scribe, and in ' Who's your Friend ? ' En- graved portraits of Mme. Vestris abound. A picture of her by George ^Clint, A.R.A., with Liston, Mrs. Glover, and Mr. Wil- liams, in l Paul Pry,' was exhibited in the National Portrait Gallery in 1868, and is now in the Science and Art Department, South Kensington. One after Clint is in the Mathews collection in the Garrick Club. Her name on her marriage certificate is signed Lucy Bartolozzi. A constant signature in following days was * Eliza Vestris.' [The early dramatic career of Mrs. Mathews is given fully in Genest's Account of the English Stage. Some scandalous Memoirs, published in 1839 for the booksellers, are untrustworthy m the main and are almost entirely without dates. Dickens's Life of Charles J. Mathews makes very sparing mention of her; Westland Marston, in his Some Recollections of the Modern Actors, gives some characteristically just and apprecia- tive criticisms, of which full use has been made. Cole's Life and Times of Charles Kean, Mar- shall's Lives of the most Celebrated Actors and Actresses, Mrs. Baron-Wilson's Our Actresses ; the Dramatic and Musical Review, Notes and Queries, 7th ser. vols. i. and xi., the Theatrical Inquisitor, &c., have been consulted.] J. K. MATHEWS, THOMAS (1676-1751), admiral, eldest son of Colonel Edward Mathews (d. 1700), and of Jane, daughter of Sir Thomas Armstrong [q. v.], was born in October 1676 at Llandatf Court, the seat of the family for many generations, now the- palace of the bishops of Llandaflf. He en- tered the navy about 1690, on board the Albemarle with Sir Francis Wheler. It is uncertain whether he was in her at the battle of Beachy Head ; it is believed that he was at the battle of Barfleur. In 1697 he was- a volunteer in the Portland with Captain James Littleton [q. v.], and on 31 Oct. 1699 was promoted by Vice-admiral Aylmer to- be a lieutenant of the Boyne, his flagship in the Mediterranean (Add. MS. 28124). On 15 March 1699-1700, on the king's direc- tion to the admiralty to appoint Mathews as a lieutenant to the Deal Castle, he was called before the board, and deposed that before he had been appointed by Aylmer to act as a lieutenant, he had been examined and had passed (Admiralty Minutes} ; there is no mention of any certificate. In 1703 he was with Graydon in the West Indies,, and was promoted by him to be captain of the Yarmouth. He took post from 24 May 1703. In 1704 he commanded the Kinsale in the Channel, and in October 1708 was appointed to the Gloucester, from which he was moved shortly afterwards to the Chester, a new ship of 50 guns. In the spring of 1709 the Chester was attached to the Chan- nel fleet under Lord Berkeley, when it fell in, on the Soundings, with the little squadron Mathews 44 Mathews of Du Guay Trouin. Trouin himself in the Achille escaped, though with difficulty ; but his prize, the Bristol, was regained, and the Gloire, overtaken by the Chester, was brought to action and captured (LAUGHTON, Studies in Naval History, p. 322). In 1710 the Chester was part of the force under Commo- dore George Martin for the reduction of Nova Scotia, and covered the main attack ; when Martin went home, Mathews remained as senior officer, and the following summer joined the fleet under SirHovenden Walker [q. v.] at Boston. The Chester was then .sent to convoy some transports to New York, and, having been a good deal shattered in a heavy gale, was afterwards ordered to make the best of her way to England. For the next few years Mathews settled down at Llandaff Court, but in January 1717-18 he was appointed to the Prince Frederick, apparently to wait till the Kent was ready. On 31 March 1718 he took command of the Kent, which went out to the Mediterranean in the fleet under Sir George Byng, afterwards Viscount Tor- rington [q. v.], and had a distinguished share in the action off Cape Passaro, mate- rially assisting in the capture of the Spanish admiral [cf. MASTEE, STEEYNSHAM]. After the battle Mathews was detached in com- mand of a small squadron in the more especial object of closely blockading Mes- sina, and intercepting " George Camocke [q. v.], rear-admiral in the Spanish ser- vice, if he should attempt to escape. In January, however, Camocke did manage to escape in a small boat, and during the next eighteen months the service of the different detachments of the fleet was practically limited to the blockade of Sicily. In the autumn of 1720 Mathews returned to Eng- land with the admiral. From 1722 to 1724 he commanded a squadron in the East Indies against the pirates. His efforts, however, were unavailing. The pirates were, indeed, somewhat overawed by the neighbourhood of the king's ships, and their ravages ceased for the time; but their strongholds were imassailable, and they repulsed an attempt on the island of Kolaba, a little to the south- ward of Bombay, made by the squadron in co-operation with a body of Portuguese troops from Goa. On his return in 1724 Mathews again settled down to a country life at Llandaff, virtually retired from the service, and was passed over in the promotions to flag rank. The purchase of an estate formerly belonging to the family and the wish to rebuild the house would seem to have determined him to accept the burden together with the emolu- ments of office; and in 1736 he was appointed commissioner of the navy at Chatham, an em- ployment then understood as distinctly civil. When, however, war with Spain broke out and war with France appeared imminent, Mathews obtained the restoration of his rank, involving promotion at one step, 13 March 1741-2, to be vice-admiral of the red, and his appointment as commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, and plenipotentiary to the king of Sardinia and the States of Italy. A man at the age of sixty-six, thus under- taking new duties and the renewal of long- forgotten and imperfect experiences, could scarcely have been expected to succeed with- out the goodwill and hearty co-operation of his subordinates ; and this the government neglected to secure for him. Rear-admiral Lestock [q. v.], then in temporary command in the Mediterranean, had been for some years senior officer in the Medway while Mathews was commissioner at Chatham, and their re- lations had not been friendly. It was said that Mathews, on accepting the command, stipu- lated that Lestock should be recalled ; and though the matter was perhaps not put thus crudely, we have his own statement to the Duke of Newcastle that ' I took the liberty of giving your Grace my opinion in regard to Mr. Lestock before I left England. I did the same to Lord Winchelsea and Lord Carteret ' (Mathews to the Duke of Newcastle, 3 Jan. 1743-4). Lestock, however, was not re- called, and the ill-feeling which showed itself at once on Mathews's arrival was only prevented from breaking out in open quarrel by the fact that Mathews's duties at Turin kept him very much away from the fleet. But they also kept him away from the exer- cise of the command. He had never been at sea with the fleet, and was a comparative stranger to every officer under his command when the combined fleets of France and Spain sailed from Toulon on 1 Feb. 1743-4, and stood towards the south in a long and straggling line ahead. The English fleet left Hyeres roadstead at the same time, closely attending on the allies ; but during the 10th they never succeeded in getting into line, though the signal to form line was kept up all the time, and was still up when night fell. Mathews then made the signal to bring to, intending that the several ships should first get into their station ; and those in the van and centre so understood it and obeyed it in that sense. Lestock, with the ships of the rear division, brought to where he was, some miles astern, and drifted still further away during, the night. At daybreak on the llth the rear was separated from the rest of the fleet by a gap Mathews 45 Mathews which was scarcely lessened during the whole day. Mathews wished to wait for Lestock's ships to close up, but found the allies slipping away to the southward and likely to escape him. This, he quite well understood, was what they wanted to do. Between France and England war had not been declared, and the primary object of the French fleet was to lend its support to the Spanish, to break the block- ade ; if that could be done without fighting, so much the better. But besides that, the French also intended, or Mathews believed that they intended, to make for the Straits of Gibraltar, to join the Brest fleet, and thus the more effectually to cover the invasion to be at- tempted from l) unkirk [see NORRIS, SIK JOHN, (1. 1749]. This it was Mathews's obvious duty to prevent. It was therefore impossible for him to allow the allies to get away to the south while he was waiting for Lestock. lie was obliged to fight, and at once. About one o'clock he made the signal to engage ; and in the Namur, closely followed by Cap- tain James Cornewall [q. v.] in the Marl- borough, ran down towards the rear of the allies, and brought the Spanish admiral to close action. In doing this, however, he neglected to haul down the signal for the line of battle ; the two signals were flying simultaneously, and, under the existing cir- cumstances, were irreconcilable. No one knew what to do. Those whose heads were clear and hearts were sound did close the enemy and engage [see HAWKE, EDWAKD, LORD HAWKE]; but many were muddle- headed, some were perhaps shy, and Lestock it was averred was wickedly glad to see his commander-in-chief in difficulties, and would do nothing to help him out. Thus left to themselves, the Namur and Marlborough suffered very severely, and though they beat the Spanish ships opposed to them out of the line, the Marlborough was dismasted and the Namur temporarily disabled. About five o'clock the French tacked to the assistance of the Spaniards. The ships of the English van thought that the object of this manoeuvre was to double on and overwhelm them, and tacked to the north- ward [see WEST, TEMPLE], There were no directing signals; the admiral had apparently lost his head, and no one ventured to take his place. A sort of panic set in, and the English fleet fled to the northward, the French appearing to chase them, but in reality intent only on rescuing the Spaniards. The Spaniards even neglected to secure the Marlborough, disabled, deserted, and wellnigh defenceless though she was. They did, how- ever, recapture the Poder, and, content with that and with having saved the Spanish ad- miral, turned back, steering again to the southward. The English, on the other hand, continued during the night standing to the north ; it was only towards daybreak of the 12th that they recovered themselves, and turned to the south, following the enemy in line of battle. The enemy now had no inclina- tion to stay ; but several of their ships were- disabled and in tow ; the Poder, which was- the worst, they abandoned to the English, and she was burnt by Mathews's order. Still, the allies' retreat was very much ham- pered by the other crippled ships, and by nightfall the English fleet, in fair line, was- within three or four miles of them, when Mathews again made the signal to bring to. At daybreak on the 13th the enemy was almost out of sight to the south-west : Mathews gave up the chase, and, after try- ing to get back to Ilyeres roads, finally reached Port Mahon in the early days of March. His health had been for some time- failing, and in August 1744 he was allowed to resign the command and to return home overland. As the result of the battle the blockade was fairly broken ; reinforcements and supplies were sent to the Spanish army in Italy, and the course of the war was turned in favour of the allies. But what specially enraged the people of England was the too evident fact that the English fleet had met a Franco-Spanish fleet of inferior force, and had gained no decisive advantage over it, if, indeed, it had not been worsted. Feeling, both afloat and ashore, ran exceedingly high ; and the House of Commons in 1745 passed an address to the king praying that an official inquiry might be held. There were, in consequence, a great many courts-martial : some ten or a dozen captains were tried for misconduct and cashiered. Lestock, who in popular opinion was the main, if not the sole cause ot'the miscarriage, was acquitted, promoted, and employed again. Mathews was also tried in 1746 on charges preferred against him by Lestock, charges of having taken the fleet into action in an irregular and confused manner, of having neglected to give the necessary orders, of having fled from the enemy, and of having afterwards given up the chase when there was every prospect of being- able to bring the enemy to action on advan- tageous terms. And these charges were all maintained by the evidence. It was alleged in his favour that Mathews had fought bravely ; it was proved against him that he had deserted the Marlborough, the Poder, and the Berwick ; and after a trial of unprecedented length he was sentenced to be dismissed the service, June 1747. Meantime Mathews was busying- Mathews 4 6 Mathias himself at Llandaff Court, building a new house in place of the old one, which he had directed to be pulled down while he was m the Mediterranean. And the result of the trial seems to have affected him little. He believed the sentence to be iniquitous, and the outcome of parliamentary faction (cf. WALPOLE, Letters, i. 350) with which, in- deed, in its final stage, it seems to have had nothing to do and he did not regard it as a reflection on his honour. In 1749, feeling himself in failing health, he settled in Blooms- bury Square, London, and there he died 2 Oct. 1751 . He was buried in St. George's, Blooms- bury. Both in his public and private capacities, by his friends and his enemies, Mathews is described as a choleric old man of the tradi- tional John Bull type. ' I dare to say,' wrote Walpole to Mann, ' Mathews believes that Providence lives upon beef and pudding, loves prize-fighting and bull-baiting, and drinks fog to the health of Old England' (ib. i. 207) ; and again, speaking of the debate in 1745 in the House of Commons, l Mathews remains in the light of a hot, brave, imperious, dull, confused fellow' (ib. i. 350). Horace Mann [q. v.], who felt personally injured by the diplomatic mission which had been added to Mathews's naval duties, and who stood aghast at the way in which the neutrality of Naples had been won [see MAKTIN , WILLIAM, 1696 P-1756], wrote: "Tis wonderful how void Admiral Mathews is of common sense, good manners, or knowledge of the world. He understands nothing but Yes or No, and knows no me- dium' (DOKA:N", Mann and Manners, i. 157) ; and again : ' Mathews has sent me a ridiculous note wrote by the claw of a great lobster, by way of thanks for a present I sent him of some Cedrati and Marzolini cheeses, which are more delicate than our cream cheeses in England. "I am much oblig d to you for y r kinde present, the Sweetmeats is good ; so, sayes sume of my Gentlm n is the cheeses, but its to good for me. I love nothing after the French fashion " ' (ib.} As a matter of fact, however, Mathews's writ- ing and spelling were much better than those of most naval officers or country squires of the time; and while Walpole and his correspondents spoke of him as ' II Furi- bondo,' irascible in temper and brutal in manners, those who knew him well described him as hot-tempered indeed, and sometimes brusque, but warm-hear ted, kindly, and affec- tionate ; a clear-sighted magistrate, a capable farmer, and a keen sportsman. He was twice married : first in 1705 to Henrietta, daughter of S. Burgess of An- tigua; she died about 1740, leaving issue one son, Thomas, a major in the army ; secondly, about 1745, to Millicent, daugh- ter of Rawdon Powell of Glamorganshire. His portrait, painted during his residence at Chatham, is in the Painted Hall at Green- wich. It represents him in the laced blue coat with red facings and the red waistcoat affected by naval officers before the prescrip- tion of uniform, and gives the idea of being a good likeness. It has been engraved. [A memoir in the Red Dragon, the National Magazine of Wales (December 1884), vi. 481, is written with familiar knowledge of the family history, by a connection of the family, who has also kindly supplied some further particulars. That in Charnock's Biog. Nav. iii. 252, is very imperfect. Official letters and minutes of the courts-martial in the Public Record Office; Low's Hist, of the Indian Navy, i. 101 et seq. ; Beat- son's Nav. and Mil. Memoirs, vol. i. ; Doran's Mann and Manners at the Court of Florence, vol. i. freq. ; Walpole's Letters (Cunningham), vol. i. freq. ; Troude's Batailles Navales de la France, i. 291 ; Riviere's La Marine franchise sous le Regne de Louis XV, p. 175; Brun's Guerres maritimes de la France, Port de Tou- lon, torn. i. livres x. et xi. ; Vida de D. Juan Josef Navarro, por D. Josef de Vargas y Ponce. The charge and finding of the court-martial have been published ; so also has the correspondence between Mathews and Lestock after the battle ; and there are many pamphlets relating to the Mediterranean command, mostly scurrilous and worthless; a fairly complete set of them is in the library of the Royal United Service Institution.! J. K. L. MATHIAS, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1772-1841), divine, born on 12 Nov. 1772, was only surviving child of Benjamin Mathias, a native of Haverfordwest, Pem- brokeshire, who settled in Dublin about 1760 as a woollen cloth manufacturer. Both his parents died when he was about ten. Entering Trinity College, Dublin, on 3 Oct. 1791, he was elected scholar in 1794, and graduated B.A. in 1796, M.A. in 1799 (College Register, where the name of his father is given as Henry '). In 1797 he was ordained to the curacy of Kathfrylahd, co. Down, and in 1805 became chaplain of Be- thesda Chapel, Dorset Street, Dublin, an ap- pointment which he was compelled to resign through ill-health in May 1 835. In doctrine he was a moderate Calvinist. Mathias died in Merrion Avenue, Dublin, on 30 May 1841, and was buried in the cemetery of Mount Jerome. His congregation erected a tablet to his memory in Bethesda Chapel and a monument in the cemetery. In January 1804 he married a daughter of Mr. Stewart of Wilmont, co. Down, by whom he had a family. Mathias 47 Mathias Mathias, who was an eloquent preacher, wrote : 1 . l An Inquiry into the Doctrines of the Reformation and of the United Church of England and Ireland, respecting the Ruin and Recovery of Mankind,' 2 pts. 8vo, Dub- lin, 1814, which evoked replies by W. Eames in 1817, and a ' Clergyman of the Church of England ' in 1818. 2. * Vindiciae Laicse, or the Right of the Laity to the unrestricted Reading of the Sacred Scripturesvindicated,' 8vo, Dublin, 1827. 3. ' A Compendious History of the Council of Trent,' 8vo, Dub- lin, 1832. 4. ' Popery not Catholicism, in Two Parts/ 8vo, Liverpool, 1851, edited by his son, the Rev. W. B. Stewart Mathias. Part ii. is a reprint of * Vindiciae Laicse.' His portrait, engraved after Martin Cre- gan, R.II.A., by J. Horsburgh, was prefixed to his * Twenty-one Sermons,' 8vo, Dublin, 1838. [Information from the Rev. John W. Stubbs, .D.D. ; Brief Memorials of the Rev. B. W. Mathias, 8vo, Dublin, 1842.] G. G. MATHIAS, THOMAS JAMES (1754?- 1835), satirist and Italian scholar, belonged to a family connected with the English court, several members of which are mentioned in the fragments of the ' Journal ' of Charlotte Burney (Early Diary of Frances Burney, ii. 306-12). His father, Vincent Mathias, sub- treasurer in the queen's household and trea- surer of Queen Anne's Bounty, died 15 June 1782, aged 71 ; his mother, Marianne, daugh- ter of Alurecl Popple, secretary to the board of trade and governor of Bermuda, was born 8 Nov. ] 724 and died 6 Jan. 1799 ( Gent. Mag. 1782 pt. ii. p. 311, 1799 pt. i. p. 82). He 'is said to have been educated at Eton, and the long passage in the notes to the ' Pursuits of Literature ' appears to corroborate this state- ment, but he was entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 2 July 1770, at the age of six- teen, as corning from the school at Kingston- on-Thames kept by the Rev. Richard Woode- son. He took an aegrotat degree in 1774 and proceeded M. A. in 1777, having gained, as a middle bachelor, in 1775 one of the members' prizes for the best dissertation in Latin prose, and in 1776, as a senior bachelor, another of the same prizes. He was admitted scholar of his college on 26 April 1771, elected as a minor fellow in 1776 the Latin letter which he sent to the electing fellows for their suf- frages on this occasion is given in Nichols's ' Literary Anecdotes,' ii. 676-8 became major fellow in 1776, and acted as third, second, and first sublector respectively in 1777-8, 1779, and 1780. Latin exercises, written by him in 1775 and 1776, probably as tests for a fellowship, are preserved at the British Museum, and in 1779 he printed a Latin oration which he had delivered in the chapel of his college at Trinitytide. While at college he was very intimate with Spencer Perceval, afterwards prime minister, and a letter from one of Perceval's sons speaks of Mathias as his father's private tutor at Cam- bridge. In 1782 he succeeded to the post of sub-treasurer to the queen, when he probably quitted Cambridge ; he afterwards became her treasurer, and about 1812 he appears to have been librarian at Buckingham Palace. For many years he lived in London on the emoluments of these posts, and engaged in literary pursuits, but his edition of the works of Gray in 1814 proved a severe loss to him, and would have been still more disastrous but for the assistance of the authorities at Pembroke College, Cambridge, under whose auspices it was undertaken, and by whom many copies were purchased. It was pub- lished at the enormous price of seven guineas, and consequently had no sale, so that most of the volumes were locked up in a ware- house for years. His straitened means, com- bined with an ' alarming stroke and attack ' (Madame (TArblay's Diary, \'\i. 307), decided him to make his way to Italy ' on a desperate experiment of health.' Southey met him at Paris in May 1817, when he was ' outward bound ' (Letters, iv. 437-8) ; and he remained in Southern Italy, ' in love with the climate and the language,' for the rest of his life. When Sir Walter Scott was at Naples in his last illness, Mathias contributed to his ' com- fort and amusement,' and a description of him in his lodgings in an old palace on the Pizzofalcone is given by N. P. Willis in his 1 Pencillings by the Way,' i. 100-2. Another account of his life in Italy is given in the 'Athenaeum,' 22 Aug. 1835, p. 650). He was a royal associate of the Royal Society of Literature, and so long as its funds allowed he was in receipt of one of its pensions. He died at Naples in August 1835. His books and manuscripts were sold by R. H. Evans in 1820 and 1837. He was at one time the owner of a picture of his family by Hogarth (DoBSOX, Hogarth, ed. 1891, p. 346). He was elected F.R.S. in March 1795, and F.S.A. in January 1795. The first dialogue of the l Pursuits of Lite- rature' came out in May 1794, the second and third in June 1796, and the fourth in July j 1797. The * fifth edition, revised and cor- ! rected,' was published in 1798, and in the same year there appeared three editions of t Translations of the passages quoted in the Pursuits of Literature.' The eleventh edition, * again revised, and with the citations trans- lated,' is dated in 1801, and the sixteenth Mathias 4 8 Mathias issue bore the date of 1812. All the impres- sions were anonymous, and the writer was long unknown. Dawson Turner, who possessed letters addressed to the unknown author, with the answers of Mathias, which are now No. 22976 of the Addit. MSS. in the British Museum, wrote that the authorship 'was scarcely made a secret by the family after Mathias went to Italy ' (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 276), Rumour asserted that he was aided in the composition by Bishop W. L. Mansel [q. v.], while Gilbert Wakefield, says Rogers, ' used to say he was certain that Rennell and Glynn assisted in it ' (Table Talk of Samuel Rogers, p. 135), but these sugges- tions can now be dismissed from considera- tion. The poem contained some slashing lines scattered among a mass of affected criti- cism, and as its sole idea was to ridicule those trading on literature, it soon proved wanting in life. George Steevens called it ' a peg to hang the notes on,' and these were often of portentous length, though Rogers thought them ' rather piquant.' De Quincey, in his * Essay on Parr,' speaks of it as marred by 1 much licence of tongue, much mean and im- potent spite, and by a systematic pedantry without parallel in literature,' and he might have added, by the shameless puffing of his own works by Mathias. Cobbett, who shared many of his prejudices, called it a 'matchless poem, 7 but Dr. Wolcot dubbed him ' that miserable imp Mathias.' Among the writers most severely satirised were Payne Knight, Parr, Godwin, 'Monk' Lewis, and Joseph Warton for his edition of Pope's ' Works ; ' but Mathias was often obliged to soften or to expunge his criticisms. In Parr's ' Works' (viii. 59-82) are several eulogistic letters subsequently addressed to him by Mathias. A satire of such recklessness naturally pro- voked attacks. Among them were : 1. 'The Egotist, or Sacred Scroll. A Familiar Dia- logue between the Author of the "Pursuits of Literature " and Octavius,' 1798. 2. ' The Progress of Satire, an Essay in Verse. With Notes containing Remarks on the " Pursuits of Literature," ' 2nded. 1798. Supplement, with ' Remarks on the Pursuer of Literature's Defence,' 1799. Anonymous, but by William Boscawen. 3. ' Impartial Strictures on the " Pursuits of Literature," and particularly a Vindication of the Romance of " The Monk," ' 1798. 4. ' The Sphinx's Head Broken, or a Poetical Epistle with Notes to Thomas James M*th**s, by Andrew CEdipus, an injured Author,' 1798. 5. ' The Literary Census, a Satirical Poem, with Notes, including Free and Candid Strictures on the " Pursuits of Literature." By Thomas Dutton,' 1798. 6. 'Remarks on the "Pursuits of Litera- ture,"' Cambridge, 1798. Anonymous, by John Mainwaring. This provoked from Mathias 'A Letter to the Author of "Re- marks," &c., which purported to be written by " A Country Gentleman, formerly of the University of Cambridge."' 7. ' An Exami- nation of the Merits and Tendency of the " Pursuits of Literature," ' by W. Burdon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1799. Nearly the whole of these works censured the malignity and partiality of the criticisms of Mathias, and some of them reflected on his personal appearance. He was small and swarthy, with a face like that of Sir Francis Burdett. Satire always had charms for Mathias. So early as 1780 he published anonymously ' An Heroic Address in Prose to the Rev. Richard Watson [afterwards Bishop Watson] on his late Discourse to the Clergy of the Arch- deaconry of Ely,' in which Watson had ex- pressed the hope of supplying some day a 'more exact survey of the deserts of Arabia and Tartary,' and ' An Heroic Epistle [in verse] to the Rev. Richard Watson,' which passed into two editions and provoked ' An Answer to the Heroic Epistle.' The success of the ' Pursuits of Literature ' tempted him into politics. He attacked Sheridan with great coarseness in ' The Political Dramatist J in November 1795 [anon.], 1796 ; a second edition of which came out in 1796, with a postscript in prose, also published separately, of ' Remarks on the Declaration of the Whig Club, 23 Jan. 1796.' The curious corre- spondence between the Earl and Countess of Jersey and Dr. Randolph on the missing- letters of the Prince of Wales drew from him ' An Equestrian Epistle in Verse to the Earl of Jersey ' [anon.], 1796, and ' An Epistle in Verse to Dr. Randolph ' [anon.], 1796 ; also issued as 'A Pair of Epistles in Verse ' [anon.], 1796, with 'An Appendix to the Pair of Epistles' [anon.], 1796. The presence in England of the ' numerous emigrant French priests and others of the Church of Rome r caused him to write a foolish ' Letter to the Marquis of Buckingham. By a Layman/ 1796. The tories were praised and Fox with his whig followers condemned in ' An Impe- rial Epistle from Kien Long, Emperor of China, to George III in 1794 ; ' 2nd edit. 1796 ; 4th edit. 1798. In 1797 he ventured upon ' An Address to Mr. Pitt on some parts of his Administration ' [anon.], 1797 ; and in 1799 there appeared four editions, also anonymous, of ' The Shade of Alexander Pope on the Banks of the Thames. A Satirical Poem on the Residence of Henry Grattan at Twickenham.' This occasioned ' A Vin- dication of Pope and Grattan from the At- tack of an Anonymous Defamer. By W Mathias 49 Matilda Burdon,' 1799 ; and eight severe lines by Grattan printed in Wrangham's ' Catalogue of his English Library,' pp. 409-10. An 'ephemeral production by Mathias was called 'Pandolpho Attonito, or Lord Galloway's Poetical Lamentation on the Removal of the Armchairs from the Pit of the Opera House ' [anon.], 1800 ; and next year he produced a volume of 'Prose on Various Occasions col- lected from the Newspapers' [anon.], 1801. Mathias was a devoted admirer of Gray the poet and of Dr. Robert Glynn [q. v.] One of his first works was ' Runic Odes imitated from the Norse Tongue in the manner of Mr. Gray,' 1781, republished in London in 1790 in ' Odes English and Latin,' in 1798, and at New York in 1806 in a collection called ' The Garden of Flowers.' In 1814 he edited, at a ruinous expense, ' The Works of Thomas Gray, with Mason's Memoir. To which are subjoined Extracts from the Author's Original Manuscripts,' 1814, 2 vols. 4to. The second volume contained his * Observations on the Writings and Character of Mr. Gray,' also issued separately in 1815. His know- ledge of Gray's appearance and habits was de- rived from Nicholls, of whom he wrote in ' A Letter occasioned by the Death of the Rev. Norton Nicholls, with Italian Ode to him,' pp. 30. A few copies were printed for private circulation, and it was inserted in the ' Gentle- man's Magazine,' 1810,'pt. ii. pp. 346-51; his * Works of Gray' (1814), i. 515-35 ; his ' Ob- servations on the Writings and Character of Gray,' 1815 ; ' Correspondence of Gray and Nicholls,' 1843, pp. 3-28; in ' Poesie Liriche,' 1810; and in Nichols's 'Illustrations of Literature,' v. 65-83; while the Italian ' Can- xone ' to Nicholls was printed separately in 1807. Nicholls left his books to Mathias and a considerable sum of money in the event, which did not take place, of his surviving a near relation of his own. With the assist- ance of Dr. Glynn, who gave him some Chat- terton manuscripts, he compiled ' An Essay on the Evidence relating to the Poems attri- buted to Thomas Rowley,' 1783 ; 2nd edit. 1784. In 1782 he brought out an anonymous * Elysian Interlude in Prose and Verse of Row- ley and Chatterton in the Shades,' in which Chatterton described the success of the poems, the means by which they were concocted, and the strife over their authenticity. His unpublished volume of 'Odes English and Latin,' 1798, contained, as pt. i., ' The Runic Odes,' and as pt. ii. many Latin poems, among which were verses to Thomas Orde as go- vernor of the Isle of Wight, an ode to Bishop Mansel on his neglecting a parrot, and an address on Lord Holland's villa near Margate ; all three had been printed sepa- VOL. XXXVII. rately, and were afterwards included in ' Odse Latinse,' 1810. He printed privately at Rome in 1818 and at Naples in 1819 several ' Lyrica Sacra excerpta ex Hymnis Ecclesise Antiquis/ which were reprinted, with an appendix, by Frederick Martin at Norwich in January 1835. Mathias also printed privately a few copies of a Latin elegy taken from that on Netley Abbey by George Keate [q. v.], and of the ballad of Hardyknute with a com- mentary. There are letters to him in ' Notes and Queries,' 2nd ser. x. 41-2, 283-4, xii. 221, and from him in Nichols's ' Illustrations of Literature,' viii. 214, 312-14. Mathias was probably instructed in Italian at Cambridge by Agostirio Isola, and he ranks as the best English scholar in that language since the time of Milton. He was the author of ' Poesie Liriche ' and of ' Canzoni Toscane,' each of which went through many editions, and of ' Canzoni ' on Nicholls, Sir William Drummond, and Lord Guilford. He edited the works of numerous Italian authors, among whom were Gravina, Tiraboschi, and Men- zini ; published a collection in three volumes of ' Lyrics from Italian Poets,' 1802,J1808, and | 1819 ; and letters in Italian on the study of its literature, a new edition of which, was published by L. P. at Naples in 1834. The English works which he translated into Italian included Akenside's ' Naiads,' Arm- strong's ' Art of Health,' Beattie's 'Minstrel,' Mason's ' Caractacus ' and ' Sappho,' Milton's ' Lycidas,' Spenser's ' Fairy Queen,' and Thomson's ' Castle of Indolence.' In Wrang- ham's 'English Library,' pp. 348-9, is an unpublished Italian sonnet by him. [Gent. Mag. 1782 pt. ii. p. 360, 1835 pt. i.p. 524, pt. ii. pp. 550-2 ; Croker Papers, ii. 371 ; Dyce's Table Talk of Samuel Rogers, pp. 134-6, 323 ; Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816, pp. 227-8; De Quincey's Works, ed. 1890, v. 88-9, 142; Smith's Cobbett, i. 244-5; Brydges's Restituta, iv. 250; Lockhart's Scott, ed. 1838, vii. 340; Wordsworth's Scholse Acad. pp. 153, 360; Hal- kett and Laing's Anonymous Lit. i. 43, ii. 1389, Hi. 1848, 2038, 2232 ; information from Mr. W. Aldis Wright, of Trinity College, Cam- bridge.] W. P. C. MATILDA (d. 1083), queen of William the Conqueror, was the daughter of Bald- win V, called of Lisle, count of Flanders, by his second wife, Adela, daughter of Robert, and sister of Henry I, kings of France. She was a descendant of Alfred or Alfred [q. v.], king of the West Saxons, through his daugh- ter ^Elfthryth, wife of Count Baldwin II (d. 918). William, then duke of Normandy, sought her in marriage in 1049, and the mar- riage was forbidden by the council of Rheims held in that year by Pope Leo IX, the prohibi- Matilda 5 Matilda tion evidently being grounded on some near- ness of kin (LABBE, Concilia, xix. 741). The relationship between Matilda and William has never been made out certainly. Of the various theories on the subject that besl worth consideration is that the impediment arose from the marriage contract between Richard III, William's uncle, and Matilda's mother, Adela, although the marriage was not completed (see Spicilegium, iii. 390 PA.LaKA.VE, England and Normandy, iii. 264 Norman Conquest, iii. 657). A rival but less satisfactory theory is that Matilda, as well as William, was descended from Rolf, for William, called Caput-stupse, or Tow-head, count of Poitou, is said, on the strength of a vague statement by an anonymous writer, to have been the father of Adela or Adelais, wife of Hugh Capet, great-grandfather of Matilda (DUCHESNE, Rerum Gallicarum Scriptores, iii. 344, and Life and Times of St. Anselm, i. 419). Against this maybe urged that Helgald, who wrote at least a century earlier than the anonymous writer, and was a friend of King Robert, Hugh's son, says that Robert used to declare that his mother Adelais was of Italian family. It is alleged that Helgald's words may be interpreted as meaning that Robert was sprung from Italy by his father's side, but the Italian genealogy of Hugh is baseless (RICHER, lib. i. c. 5, and Recueil des Historiens, x. pref. i-xviii). If Hugh married a daughter of William Tow- head, it is hard to see why William IV, duke of Aquitaine, should have opposed Hugh's ac- cession to the throne ; for on this supposition Hugh would have been his brother-in-law. If, however, such a relationship existed between them, it is strange that neither Ademar of Chabanois nor Peter of Maillezais, nor indeed any other chronicler should notice it. It is therefore unlikely that Matilda was descended from Rolf through the wife of Hugh Capet. (For opinions on both sides see Recueil, ix. 273 n., x. 74, 99 n., xi. 130 n. ; EArt de Veri- fier, x. 95 ; Guardian, 28 Nov. 1883, p. 1803, 19 Dec. p. 1919, 30 Jan. 1884, p. 176.) The belief that Matilda was already the wife of Gerbod, advocate of the abbey of St. Bertin, near St. Omer, and that she had by him two or three children, one of whom was Gundrada, afterwards wife of William of Warrenne, earl of Surrey, is erroneous, and was founded on some charters of Lewes Priory, which have been proved to be untrustworthy (see GTTN- DRADA DE WARBLE ; Monasticon, v. 12, 14. Stapleton argued that Gundrada was the daughter of Matilda by Gerbod, and that the prohibition of the marriage of Matilda and William was due to the fact that Gerbod was then alive, Arch&ological Journal, iii. sq.; Blaauw in answer asserted that Matilda was a maid when she married William, and made Gundrada a child of that marriage, Archceo- logia, 1847, xxxii. 108 sq. ; Freeman accepted the alleged marriage to Gerbod as proved, Norman Conquest, iii. 86, 645-53 ; Mr. Chester Waters pointed out that the marriage was a fiction, and that Gundrada was not the daughter either of Matilda or William, Aca- demy, 28 Dec. 1878, and 24 May 1879, and so far he was followed by Mr. M. Rule, Life and Times of St. Anselm. i. 419, and, finally, Free- man owned that he was mistaken, and summed up the case against the alleged marriage in a paper on the ' Parentage of Gundrada ' in Eng- lish Historical Review, 1888, xii. 680-701). According to another story, Matilda wished to marry Brihtric, a Gloucestershire thegn ? who came on an embassy to Bruges, but was rejected by him ; and that she afterwards when queen of England took vengeance on him for his refusal (Cont. WAGE, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, i. 73; Monasticon, ii. 60; ELLIS, Introduction to Domesday, ii. 55) is unworthy of belief (Norman Conquest, iii, 83, iv. 761-4). In spite of the papal prohibition, Matilda was married to William, probably in 1053 (Chronicon Turonense ap. Recueil des Historiens, xi. 348) at Eu, whence William brought her to Rouen, where she was received with much rejoicing. An idle legend records that she at first refused William's offer, de- claring that she would never marry a bastard ; that William rode secretly to Bruges, caught her as she was coming out of church, and beat and kicked her ; and that she thereupon took to her bed, and told her father that she would marry none but the duke (ib.} Malger, archbishop of Rouen, and Lanfranc [q. v.], then prior of Bee, severely blamed William for this marriage, on the old ground that Matilda was too nearly related to him, and it is said that Normandy was laid under an interdict (WILLIAM OF JUMIEGES, vii. c. 26 ; WILLIAM or MALMESBUEY, Gesta Regum, iii. . 267 ; VifaLanfranci, p. 288 ; WAGE,!. 9659). The matter was not settled until the Lateran Council of 1059, when Nicolas II granted a dispensation for the marriage. As her share in the atonement required from her and her tiusband, Matilda built the abbey of the Holy Trinity for nuns at Caen; the church, of which the eastern part only can be the work of the foundress, was consecrated 18 June L066 (Norman Conquest, iii. 107 w.) A curious though untrustworthy story represents her as talking much with Earl Harold [see HAROLD II, d. 1066] during his visit to the Norman court, and persuading him to promise to marry one of her daughters (SNORRO ap. LAING, i'ii. 76). WhenWilliam was preparing Matilda 5 1 Matilda to invade England, she presented him with a ship for his own use, called the Mora, and had placed on the prow a golden image of a boy, with his right hand pointing towards Eng- land, and his left holding an ivory horn to his lips (Hrevis Relatio, p. 22). During William's absence on the invasion of England, Matilda ruled Normandy success- fully, being assisted by a council, at the head of which was Roger de Beaumont [see under BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, d. 1118]. Her re- gency ended with the return of William to Normandy in March 1067, and was resumed in conjunction with her eldest son, Robert, on her husband's departure in the following December. Early the next year William sent men of high rank to conduct her to England, whither she came accompanied by a large number of nobles and ladies, and bringing as the chief of her chaplains Guy, bishop of Amiens, who had already written his poem on William's victory (ORDERIC, p. 510). At Whitsuntide, 11 May, she was crowned and anointed queen by Aldred [q. v.], archbishop of York, at Westminster (ib. ; A.-S. Chronicle an. 1067, Worcester version). Later in the year she bore her fourth son, Henry, after- wards Henry I [q. v.], it is said at Selby in Yorkshire. She appears to have resided much in Normandy, and to have been occupied in the affairs of the duchy. In 1070 she and her son Robert joined in requesting Lanfranc to accept the archbishopric of Canterbury. William FitzOsbern was in December sent over from England by the king to help Matilda in the regency of Normandy; he marched at the queen's desire to uphold the cause of her brother's widow and son in Flanders against Robert the Frisian (WiL- LIAM OF JUMIEGES, viii. 14). Matilda was deeply afflicted by the death of her brother and nephew and by the troubles that war brought upon her native land (ORDERIC, p. 527). When her son Robert was in exile, having quarrelled with his father in 1079, she sent him large quantities of gold and silver and other valuable things without her husband's knowledge, for she was very rich. William found it out and reproached her, but she pleaded her love for her son. William ordered that the messenger whom she employed in the business should be blinded, but, warned by the queenVfriends, the man escaped to the monastery of St. Evroul, where at the queen's request the abbot received him (ib. p. 571). About this time she sent gifts to a famous hermit in Germany who was held to be a prophet, requesting him to pray for her hus- band and Robert and tell her what should befall them, which he did ($.) On the death of her kinsman the holy Simon de Valois, count of Crepy, at Rome in 1082, she sent gifts to adorn his tomb (* Mabillon,' Acta Sanctorum, viii. 374); and at this time ren- dered some help to William, bishop of Dur- ham, in his scheme for substituting monks for canons in his church (Hist. Dunelm. EccL iv. c. 2). She died in Normandy on 3 Nov. 1083, after an illness of some length, and was buried in her church at Caen. Her tomb was richly adorned, and bore an epitaph, recorded by Orderic (p. 648) ; it was restored in 1819, and is in the middle of the choir. Matilda was handsome in person and noble in disposition ( WILLIAM or JUMIEGES, vii. c. 21), of great ability, a faithful and helpful wife, and an affectionate mother; she was reli- gious and liberal to the poor, and was followed to the grave by many whom she had be- friended. Her husband felt her death keenly, and is said to have mourned for her the rest of his life (WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, iii. 273, who records, without believing it, a foolish story, that William having been unfaithful to her, she had his mistress hamstrung, and was for so doing beaten to death with a bridle). She bore her husband four sons Robert, who succeeded his father in the duchy ; Richard, who met his death while hunting in the New Forest ; and William and Henry, who both be- came kings and five, or perhaps six, daugh- ters: Cecilia, dedicated as a nun in childhood in her mother's church at Caen in 1066, pro- fessed in 1075, became abbess in 1113, and died in 1127; Constance, married to Alan of Brittany in 1086, and died in 1090 ; Adelaide, probably betrothed to Earl Harold, and died in youth ; Adela, married to Stephen of Blois in 1080, and died in 1137; perhaps an Agatha, possibly promised to Edwin, earl of Mercia, and betrothed to Alfonso of Spain, who died unmarried, with a character for sanctity; and a Matilda (see on Matilda's children, Norman Conquest, iii. 666 sqq. with full references). She made her son Henry her heir in England (ORDERIC, p. 510 ; FREEMAN, William Rufus, i . 195), and bequeathed her crown and other ornaments of state to her church at Caen. Besides her abbey there, she founded the abbey of St. Mary de Pre at Rouen (Monasticon, vi. 1106), and gave rich gifts to Cluny (Cluny Charters, ii. 72) and St. Evroul (ORDERIC, p. 603). At Abingdon, however, she appears as a spoiler ; she probably robbed the English abbey in order to enrich a Norman house with its treasures (Historic*, de Abinydon, i. 485, 491). [Freeman's Norman Conquest, vols. iii. iv., contain full notices of Matilda. For story of a marriage to Gerbod, Norman Conquest, iii. App. 0. 651-65 (2nd edit,), corrected by Engl. Hist. Review, 1888, xii. 680-701 ; Archseol. Journal, E2 Matilda Matilda Hi. 1 sq. ; Archseologia, 1847, xxxii. 108; Sir G.F.Duckett's Sussex Archseol. Collections, 1878, p. 114, and Charters and Records of Cluny, i. 1, 43, 49, ii. 72; Chester Waters in Academy, 28 Dec. 1878, 24 May 1879, and his G-undrada de Warrenne; Green's Lives of the Princesses, i. 4; Eule's Life and Times of St. Anselm, i. 415- 421. For impediment to marriage : Norman Con- quest, u.s. ; Kule's St. Anselm, i. 419 ; Palgrave's England and Normandy, iii. 264 ; D'Achery's Spicilegium, iii. 390; Labbe's Concilia, xix. 741, ed. Cossart ; Richer, vol. i. c. 5, ed. Pertz ; Rer. Gall. Scriptt. iii. 344 ; Helgald's Vita Roberti ap. Recueildes Historiens, x. 99, see also Pref. i-xviii, and 74, ix. 273 ., xi. 130 n.; L'Artde Verifier les Dates, x. 95; Guardian, 28 Nov. 1883, p. 1803, 19 Dec. p. 1919, 30 Jan. 1884; Will, of Jumieges, vol. vii. c. 26, vol. viii. c. 32 (Duchesne) ; Orderic, pp. 510, 527, 571, 603, 648 (Duchesne) ; Will, of Poitiers and Brevis Relatio, ap. Scriptt. Rerum. Gest. Will. I, pp. 22, 155, 167, ed. Giles ; Will, of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum, vol. iii. cc. 234, 267, 273 (Rolls Ser. ii. 291, 327, 331 , 332), Vita Lan- franci ap. B. Lanf. Op. i. 288, 293, ed Giles ; Albericap.Recueil, xi.361 ; Chron.Turon.ap.Re- cueil, xi. 348 ; Wace's Roman de Rou, 1. 6959 sq., ed.Pluquet : Anglo-Sax. Chron. ann. 1067, 1083 ; Dugdale's Monasticon, ii. 60, iii. 485, v. 12, 14, vi. 1100; Ellis's Introd. to Domesday, i. 6, 7, 328, 393, ii. 55 ; Laing'sSea Kings, iii. 76 ; Hist. Dunelm. Eccl. vol. iv. c. 2, ap.Symeon of Durham (Rolls Ser.), i. 121 ; Turner's Cotman's Antiq. of Normandy, i. 27 ; Pignot's Ordre de Cluni, ii. 503, iii. 34 ; Liber de Hyda, pp. 286, 296 (Rolls Ser.) ; NeustriaPia, p. 625 ; Gallia Christiana, xi. 61 ; Hist. Monast. de Abingdon, i. 485, 491 (Rolls Ser).] W. H. MATILDA, MAUD, MAHALDE, MOLD (1080-1118), first wife of Henry I, king of England [q. v.], was a daughter of Malcolm III, king of Scots, and Margaret, grand-daughter of Eadmund Ironside [see MARGARET, SAINT]. She was probably born in the autumn of 1080, as her godfather was Kobert, duke of Normandy, who was in Scot- land then, and, so far as is known, at no other time. She was baptised Eadgyth (Edith), but Matilda or Maud, in various forms, is the name by which she is known in history. Her edu- cation was entrusted to her mother's sister Christina, who was a nun at either Romsey or Wilton. Christina compelled the girl to wear a nun's black veil, as a protection against 'the brutality of the Normans, which was then raging;' according to another account, it was the abbess who made her wear it for fear of William Rufus. ' I trembled under my aunt's rod,' said Matilda long afterwards ; ' when I threw off the veil, she tormented and insulted me with sharp blows and shameful words, so that in her presence I wore it, groaning and shuddering, but whenever I could get out of her sight I flung it on the ground and trode it under foot.' Once Malcolm came to visit his daughter, found her wearing the veil, and pulled it off angrily, swearing that he intended her not for a nun, but for the wife of Count Alan, i.e. Alan II. of Richmond; and it seems that he took her back with him to Scotland. This was apparently in 1093. Before the end of that year, Alan, Malcolm, and Margaret were all dead, and Donald, the new king of Scots, drove Margaret's children out of his realm. Matilda seems to have found a shelter in England by the help of her uncle, Eadgar the ^Etheling [see EDGAR ATHELING]. Earl William of Warren sought her hand, but it was reserved for a loftier bridegroom. Henry I was no sooner king (August 1100) than he set himself to win the attachment of his English subjects in various ways, and among others by a marriage with Matilda, the child of ' Mar- garet the good queen, king Eadward's cousin, and of the right kingly kin of England.' She was quite willing to marry him, but objections were raised against the marriage of one who, being known to have worn the black veil, was supposed to be a professed nun. Matilda went straight to Archbishop Anselm [see ANSELM, SAINT] and told him her story ; he and an as- sembly of bishops, nobles, and clergy, decided, after careful inquiry, that the story was true, that she had never taken the vows, and was therefore free to marry. Matilda received their verdict ' with a happy face/ and on 11 Nov. (1100) she was married and crowned by An- selm in Westminster Abbey. Her first child seems to have been born at Winchester, at the end of July or beginning of August 1101 (WAGE, Roman de Rou, ed. Pluquet, vv. 15453-5), and to have died an infant. A daughter, Matilda [see MATILDA, 1102-1167], was born in London (W. FITZSTEPHEN, in ROBERTSON, Materials for Hist. Becket, iii. 13) before 5 Aug. 1102, and a son, William, be- fore 5 Aug. 1103 (GERV. CANT., ed. Stubbs, i. 91-2). In that year Matilda persuaded D uke Robert of Normandy to give up the pension from England secured to him by his treaty with Henry in 1101. In 1105, when Henry exacted heavy sums from the English clergy, they begged the queen to intercede for them; she burst into tears, but dared not meddle in the matter. She kept up an affectionate corre- spondence with Anselm throughout his exile (1103-6), and when he came back in autumn 1106 she gave him an eager welcome ; ' neither worldly business nor worldly pleasure could keep herfromhasteningto everyplace through which he was to pass/ hrrrying to prepare him a lodging, and to be always the first to meet him. In 1111 she was present at the translation of St. Ethelwold's relics at Win- chester. On 28 Dec. 1116 she was with Matilda 53 Matilda Henry at the consecration of St. Albans Abbey Church (RoG. WENDOVER, ed. Coxe, ii. 193). She died at Westminster on 1 May 1118, and was buried in the abbey. West- minster had been her abode for many years ; soon after the birth of her son she had ceased to follow the wanderings of her husband's court. It is possible that she accompanied him in one visit to Normandy, in 1105-6 (Ann. Winton. a. 1107; the date, as regards her, must be a year too late) ; but in later years, while he was ' busy elsewhere,' she stayed at home. Like her mother, she was very pious, wearing a hair shirt, going bare- foot round the churches in Lent, and devoting herself especially to the care of lepers, washing their feet and kissing their scars, besides building a hospital for them at St. Giles-in- the-Fields, London (MATT. PARIS, Chron. Maj. ed. Luard, ii. 144; Monast. Anyl. vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 635). The first Austin priory in England, Holy Trinity, Aldgate (London), was founded by her in 1108 (HEARNE, Will. Newb. vol. iii. App. p. 690). Another of her good works was the construction of two bridges, with a causeway between them, over the two branches of the river Lea, near Strat- ford, instead of the dangerous passage of Old Ford ; she gave the maintenance of these bridges in charge to the nuns of Barking, with a grant of land to provide funds for the purpose (Abbr. Placit. 6 Edw. II. p. 316). In her convent days she had t learned and practised the literary art,' and six letters written by her to Anselm (Axs. Epp. 1. iii. epp. 55, 93, 96, 119, 1. iv. epp. 74, 76), as well as one to Pope Paschal II (MiGNE, Patrol vol. 163, cols. 466-7) display a scholar- ship unusual among laymen, and probably still more among women, in her day. Another of her correspondents was the learned Bishop Hildebert of Le Mans, who had probably made her acquaintance in England in 1099, and who wrote to her several friendly letters (HiLDEB. CENOM. Epp. 1. i. epp. 7, 9, 1. iii. ep. 12, ed. Migne, vol. 171), and two highly complimentary poetical addresses (ib. vol. 171, cols. 1408, 1443-5). He sings of her beauty ; William of Malmesbury thought her merely ' not ill-favoured.' She was a warm patroness of verse and song ; she gave lavishly to musical clerks, to scholars, poets, and strangers of all sorts, who were drawn to her court by the fame of her bounty, and who spread her praises far and wide. On the other hand, the tenants on her estates were too often fleeced by her bailiff's in order to provide funds for this ill-regulated generosity. Yet in Eng- lish tradition she is emphatically ' Mold the good queen.' Not only was the Confessor's prophecy of the re-grafting of ^he ' green tree ' (Vita Edw. Conf. ed. Luard, p. 431) ful- filled through her marriage and her children ; Robert of Gloucester over and over again ascribes to her a direct, personal, and most beneficial influence on the condition of Eng- land under Henry I, and finally declares that ' the goodness that she did here to England cannot all be here written, nor by any man understood.' [English Chronicle, ed. Thorpe ; Eadmer's Historia Novorum, ed. Rule; William of Malmes- bury 's Gesta Regum. ed. Stubbs, vol. ii. ; Annals of Winchester, in AnnalesMonastici, ed. Luard, vol. ii.; Robert of Gloucester, ed. Wright, vol. ii., all in Rolls Series; Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne's Hist. Norm. Scriptt. ; Herman of Tournay,De Restauraticne Tornacensis Ecclesiae, in D'Achery's Spicilegium, vol. ii. ; Freeman's William Rufus, vol. ii. App. EE and WW; Strickland's Queens of Eogland, vol. i.] K. N. MATILDA OF BOULOGNE (1103 P-1152), wife of Stephen, king of England, was the only child of Eustace III, count of Boulogne, and his wife, Mary, daughter of Malcolm III, king of Scots, and Margaret, sister of Eadgar the yEtheling. The marriage of Eustace and Mary took place soon after that of Mary's sister [see MATILDA, 1080-1118] with the English king, Henry I, and Matilda of Bou- logne was probably born about 1103. Before 1125 Henry gave her in marriage to his favourite nephew, Stephen of Blois, whom he had endowed with large possessions in England and Normandy. Eustace also held considerable estates in England, and these, as well as the county of Boulogne, had passed to Matilda by his death shortly before her marriage. The possession of Boulogne gave her husband command over the shortest pas- sage between Gaul and England, and thus enabled Stephen, on Henry's death in Decem- ber 1135, to seize the English crown before its destined heiress, the Empress Matilda (1102-1167) [q. v.] could enforce her claim. On Easter day, 22 March 1136, his wife was crowned at Westminster. When the barons rose against him in 1138, she besieged one of them, Walkelyn Maminot, in Dover castle by land, while a squadron of ships from Boulogne blockaded him by sea till he was driven to surrender. In the spring of 1139, she recon- ciled her husband with her uncle David I, king of Scots [q. v.]; the terms of the treaty were settled between her and David's son, Henry [q. v.], at Durham, 9 April. When at the close of the year civil war began on the empress's landing in England, the queen exerted herself to gain the alliance of France ; she went over sea with her eldest son, Eustace, and in Fe- bruary 1140 secured his investiture as duke of the Normans and his betrothal with the Matilda 54 Matilda French king's sister Constance, whom she brought back with her to England. In 1141, when Stephen had been made prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, and a council met at Winchester (7 April) under his brother, bishop Henry [see HENRY OF BLOIS], to ac- knowledge the empress as lady of England, the queen sent a clerk of her household with a letter to the assembly, entreating for her husband's restoration. This appeal having failed, she endeavoured to negotiate with the empress for his release, but in vain. Meanwhile, however, she was busy, in concert with Stephen's favourite captain, William of Ypres, rallying the king's scat- tered partisans, and gathering a host, which now advanced wasting, plundering, slaugh- tering all before it, almost to the gates of London, where the empress had set up her court and was making herself so unpopular that the citizens drove her out at the queen's approach. Matilda of Boulogne established her headquarters in London, obtained an in- terview with bishop Henry at Guildford, and persuaded him to return to his natural alle- giance. When the empress besieged him at Winchester, she was speedily besieged in her turn by t the king's queen with all her strength ' (Engl. Chron. a. 1140) so effectu- ally that she was driven to withdraw. Her tali-brother, Robert, earl of Gloucester [q. v.], was captured in the retreat, and the next six months were spent in negotiations between his wife and the queen for his release in ex- change for Stephen. Matilda herself took charge of the captive earl, putting him under no physical restraint, but merely leading him about in her train, till the exchange was ef- fected, November 1141. Stephen and Matilda re-entered London together, and on Christ- mas-day they both' wore their crowns 'in Can- terbury Cathedral. In 1147 Matilda shared with William of Ypres the task of mediation between Stephen and Archbishop Theobald, whose appointment to Canterbury ten years before had been partly owed to her influence. In 1148-9 she resided chiefly at Canterbury, to superintend the building of Faversham Abbey, which she and Stephen had founded on land obtained from William of Ypres in exchange for her manor of Lillechurch, Kent. At the end of April 1152 she fell sick at Hedingham Castle, Essex; she sent for her confessor, Ralph, prior of Holy Trinity, Aid- gate, and died three days later, 3 May. She was buried in Faversham Abbey. In 1136 or 1137 Matilda and'her husband had founded, for the souls of her father l and of our children,' a preceptory of Knights Templars at Cowley in Oxfordshire. In 1142 she founded a Cistercian abbev on her lands at Coggeshall in Essex. The Hospital of St. Katharine by the Tower of London was established by her in 1148, on land ac- quired by exchange with the canons of Trinity, Aldgate, for the souls of two of her children, Baldwin and Matilda, who were buried in Trinity Church. This younger Matilda was born in 1134, and betrothed in 1136 to Count Waleran of Meulan. Three children survived : Eustace, who died in August 1153 ; William, who became by marriage Earl of Warenne, but died childless in 1160; and Mary, who was devoted as an infant to the religious life, and was brought up first in the nunnery of Stratford, then in a cell founded for her by her mother, at Lillechurch, and afterwards (probably on the transfer of Lillechurch to William of Ypres in 1148) removed to Rom- sey, where she became abbess. On her brother William's death Henry II recognised her as heiress of Boulogne, and obtained a papal dispensation for her marriage with Matthew, son of the Count of Flanders. She died in 1182, leaving two daughters, through the younger of whom, Matilda, the county of Boulogne ultimately passed to the house of Brabant. [William of Malmesbury, vol. ii.; Gervase of Canterbury, vol. i., ed. Stubbs ; Henry of Hunt- ingdon, ed. Arnold ; Chronicles of Stephen, &c., vols. i. iii. iv., ed. Hewlett (all in Rolls Series) ; Continuation of Florence of Worcester, ed. Thorpe (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Hist, of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, in App. to William of Newburgh, ed. Hearne, vol. iii. ; Vita Theobaldi & Chronicon Beccense, in Lanfranc's Works, ed. Giles, vol. i.; Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne, Historise Nor- mannorum Scriptores ; Monasticon Anglicanum, vols. iv. v. vi. ; Strickland's Queens of England, vol. i. ; Everett Green's Princesses of England, vol. i.] K. N. MATILDA, MAUD, MOLD, LIC, AALIZ (1102-1167), empress, daugh- ter of Henry I, king of England, and his first wife, Matilda (1080-1118) [q.v.], was born in London (WiLL. FiizSiEPHEN, in Mater, for Hist, of Becket, iii. 13) in 1102 (GEBV. CANT. i. 91-2). The ' English Chro- nicle' (a. 1127) calls her ^Ethelic/ and John of Hexham calls her ' Aaliz ' and ' Adela ' (TwrsDEF, cols. 266, 269). Gervase, how- ever, says that she was named Matilda after her mother ; and by that name, in its various forms, she is known. At W T hitsuntide 1109 her father accepted a proposal for her marriage with the German king, Henry Y. Early next spring she was sent into Germany, under the care of Bishop Burchard of Carnbrai and Roger FitzRichard, and with a dowry of ten thousand marks. At Easter, 10 April, she was betrothed at Utrecht to Henry Y in Matilda 55 Matilda person, and on 8 May she was crowned at Mainz by the Archbishop of Coin, the Arch- bishop of Trier holding her ' reverently ' in his arms. Henry dismissed all her English at- tendants, and had her carefully trained in the German language and manners. On 6 or 7 Jan. 1114 (FLOE. WOEC. a. 1114; SIM. DURHAM, a. 1114; Ann. Hildesheim, a. 1110) he married her and had her crowned again at Mainz. As Robert of Torigni says that ' once and again, in the city of Romulus, the imperial diadem was placed on her head by the supreme pontiff' (Contin. WILL. JUMIKGES, p. 306), she may have accompanied her hus- band to his crowning at Rome in 1111. She certainly went with him to Italy in 1116 (EKKEHAED, a. 1116, in PEETZ, vi. 250) ; and he seems to have left her there as his repre- sentative during part of the winter of 1118, when she and the chancellor decided a law- case at Castrocaro, near Forli, 14 Nov. (Mix- TAEELLI, Ann. Camaldul. iii. 178). On 2 May 1125 she was present at her hus- band's death at Utrecht. Her father- at once summoned her back to his own court ; she ioined him in Normandy, and in September 1126 returned with him to England. The mperor when dying had placed his sceptre in her hands, as if bequeathing to her his dominions where, indeed, she was so much beloved, that some of the princes of the em- pire followed her over sea to demand her back as their sovereign ; a demand to which she would gladly have acceded. But Henry of England had other plans for the daughter who was now his only legitimate child. At Christmas 1126 he made his barons and bishops swear that if he should die without lawful son, they would acknowledge her as lady of England and Normandy. According to William of Malmesbury, he in return swore that he would not give her in marriage to anyone outside his realm. In spite, however, of this promise, of her own reluctance, and of the general resentment of his subjects, he sent her over sea soon after Whitsuntide 1127, under the care of Brian FitzCount [q.v.] and her half-brother, Robert, earl of Gloucester j [q. v.], with instructions to the Archbishop of Rouen to make arrangements for her mar- riage with Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of the Count of Anjou. A year later, on the octave of Whitsunday, 17 June 1128, the wedding was solemnised in Le Mans Cathedral by the ' Bishop of Avranches (cf. Hist. Gaufredi Duds, in MAECHEGAY, Chron. des Comtes tf Anjou, pp. 234-6 ; OED. YIT. p. 889 ; Acta Pontif. Cenoman., in MABILLON, Vet. Anal. p. 321 ; and GEEEX, Princesses, i. 107). Matilda's first husband had been thirty years older than herself ; the second was ten years younger a boy scarce fifteen, the heir of an upstart race whose territory, insigni- ficant in extent, was so placed as to make their hostility a perpetual thorn in the side of the ruler of Normandy, until it was bought off with Matilda's hand. The empress and her boy-husband soon quarrelled ; and in July 1129 Geoffrey, now Count of Anjou, drove his wife out of his dominions. She withdrew to Rouen (SiM. DuEHAM,a. 1129), and remained there till July 1131, when she went with her father to England. Geoffrey soon afterwards sent a message to recall her; a council held at Northampton, 8 Sept., de- cided that she should return to him, and the barons renewed their homage to her as her father's heir. Thenceforth community of poli- tical interest seems to have kept the ill- matched couple on friendly terms. Their first child was born at Le Mans on 5 March 1133 [see HENEY II], and the king imme- diately caused his barons to swear fealty to Matilda for the third time, as well as to her infant son (Roo. HOWDEN, ed. Stubbs, i. 187). Another son, Geoffrey, was born at Rouen on 1 June 1134 (Chron. & Albin. Andeg. a, 1134, in MAECHEGAY, Eglises d 1 Anjou). Matilda remained in Normandy with her father till the autumn of 1135, when a quarrel broke out between him and Geoffrey ; she now sided with her husband, and went back to Angers after parting in anger from the king. On 1 Dec. Henry died. Matilda at once re- entered Normandy to claim her inheritance ; the border-districts submitted to her, but Eng- land chose her cousin Stephen for its king, and Normandy soon adopted England's choice. Matilda appealed at Rome against Stephen for his breach of his oath to her; the case was tried before Innocent II early in 1136, but she ob- tained no redress (cf. * Historia Pontificalis,' in PEETZ, Mon. Germ. Hist. xx. 543-4 ; GILE. FOLIOT, Ep. p. Ixxix ; and ROUND, Geoffrey de Mandei-ille, App. B). She, however, main- tained her position at Argentan, and there her third child, William, was born, 21 July 1136 (ib. a. 1136). On 2 Oct. she brought a body of troops to reinforce Geoffrey at the siege of Le Sap; but Geoffrey was disabled by a wound, and they were compelled to retreat. Matilda now devoted herself to stirring up opposition to Stephen in England through her brother Earl Robert, her great-uncle David [q. v.j, king of Scots, and other friends of her father. On 30 Sept. 1139 she landed, with Robert and a hundred and forty knights, at Arundel. Her stepmother, Queen Adeliza, received her into the castle ; Stephen besieged her there, but soon allowed her to join her brother at Bristol. The barons of the west rallied round her ; she removed to Gloucester, and Matilda Matilda there, in February 1141, Stephen was brought captive to her feet, She sent him in chains to Bristol Castle, and set out on a triumphal progress towards Winchester. A message to its bishop, Henry [see HENEY OF BLOIS], that if he joined her she would honour him as chief of her councillors, but if not, she would ' lead all the host of England against him at once,' brought him to a meeting with her at "Wherwell, Hampshire, on 2 March. Next day she was solemnly welcomed into the city and the cathedral. From Winchester she proceeded to Wilton, Reading, Oxford, and St. Albans. On 8 April a council held at Winchester, under the direction of Bishop Henry, acknowledged her as ' Lady of Eng- land and Normandy;' and at midsummer she entered London and took up her abode at Westminster. But she overrated the security of her triumph. She took the title of queen without waiting to be crowned (Mcnast. Anglic, i. 44 ; GEEEN, Princesses, vol. i. app. iii. ; ROUND, Geoff. Mandeville, pp. 63-7) ; she confiscated lands and honours more ruthlessly than Stephen himself; she offended the barons who came to offer her their homage by the haughty coldness of her demeanour; she turned a deaf ear to the appeals of Stephen's wife and brother in his behalf and that of his children ; she scornfully rejected a petition from the citi- zens of London for a renewal of 'King Ead- ward's laws,' demanded from them a heavy subsidy, and when they remonstrated, drove them from her presence with a torrent of abuse. The consequence was that they rose in arms and drove her out of their city. She fled to Oxford ; but soon afterwards, hearing that Bishop Henry had renewed his allegi- ance to Stephen, she set off to try conclusions with him at Winchester. She established herself in the castle, and after vainly calling upon the bishop to rejoin her, rallied her forces to besiege him in his palace of Wolvesey. 'The king's queen with all her strength,' however, soon blockaded the city so effectu- ally that the empress and her troops were in danger of starving. On 14 Sept. they cut their way out, but with such heavy loss that Matilda was separated from all her adherents save Brian FitzCount, with whom she rode first to Ludgershall and then to Devizes. There, half dead with fatigue, and still in terror of pursuit, she laid herself on a bier, and, bound to it with ropes as if she were a corpse, was carried thus into Gloucester. In the winter she returned to Oxford ; in the spring (1142) she moved to Devizes, and thence, at mid-Lent, she sent messengers ask- ing her husband to come to her aid. Geoffrey refused to come unless fetched by Earl Robert in person ; so in June Robert went oves sea, leaving his sister in Oxford Castle under the protection of the other leaders of her party, who swore to guard the town from, attack until his return. Stephen, however, outgeneralled them, and on 26 Sept. stormed Oxford and laid siege to the castle. Its gar- rison were on the verge of starvation, when one night just before Christmas, the empress and three faithful knights clad themselves in white robes, dropped down over the castle- wall upon the frozen river at its foot, passed unseen and unheard over the freshly fallen snow right through Stephen's camp, fled or> foot as far as Abingdon, and by daybreak were safe at Wallingford. There Matilda met her brother and her eldest son. Hey cause, however, was lost, though she re- mained in England five years longer, residing, it seems, chiefly at Gloucester or Bristol ; in September 1146 she was once more at De- vizes (STAPLETON, Mag. Rot. Scacc. Norm. vol. ii. p. Ixx). Early in 1148 she went back to Normandy (GBEV. CANT. i. 133), which Geoffrey was now holding by right of con- quest. In 1150 the husband and wife seem to have conjointly ceded the duchy to their son Henry ; but the cession was not formally complete till next summer, when it was rati- fied by King Louis of France. Peter de- Langtoft (ed. Wright, i. 466) says that Ma- tilda accompanied her husband to the French court on this occasion ; but she was certainly not with him when he died, on the way home ? 7 Sept. 1151. Thenceforth Matilda seems to have lived entirely in Normandy. After her son's ac- cession to the English crown, December 1154 r she took up her abode in a palace which her father had built beside the minster of Notre- Dame des Pres, near Rouen. The Normans held her in great esteem for her works of piety and charity, and for the influence which she was known to exercise over her royal son. la England, where the haughtiness of her con- duct had never been forgiven, this influence was regarded with suspicion (W. MAP, De Nugis Curial. ed. Wright, p. 227) ; but it seems to have been exercised chiefly for good. It probably helped to guide the young king's first steps in the reorganisation of his realm ; for his mother was the one person with whom he took counsel before sailing for England in December 1154. In September 1155 she in- duced him to give up a rash scheme for the invasion of Ireland. In 1162 she tried to dissuade him from making Thomas Becket archbishop of Canterbury (Materials for Hist. Becket, v. 410). In the quarrel between Henry and Thomas she was constantly em- ployed as mediatrix, and showed considerable Matilda 57 Matilda fairness and skill in dealing with the case (ib. v. 142, 145-50, 161, 194-5, 361, 421,423). Two letters of hers are extant ; one, written in 1166-7 at the pope's request, beseeching Thomas to be reconciled with the king (ib. vi. 128-9) ; the other, of uncertain date, is addressed to Louis of France, and pleads for a cessation of his hostilities against Henry (DTJCHESNE, Hist. Franc. Scriptt. iv. 722). Matilda had a dangerous illness in 1160. She died, after much suffering from fever and decay of strength, at Notre-Dame des Pres, early in the morning of 10 Sept. 1167. On her deathbed she took the veil as a nun of Fontevraud (GEOFF. VIGIOIS, inLABBE, Nova Biblioth. ii. 317). Archbishop Rotrou of Eouen and Bishop Arnulf of Lisieux offici- ated at her burial before the high altar in the abbey church of Bee the resting place which she had, despite her father's remon- strances, chosen for herself thirty-three years before (Cont. W. Jumieges,^. 306). In 1263 the church, and with it Matilda's tomb, was destroyed by fire. In 1282, when the church had been restored, search was made for her remains, and they were found, wrapped in an ox-hide (Chron. Becc. ed. Poree, p. 129). The new tomb in which they were reburied was stripped of its ornaments by the English soldiers who sacked Bee in 1421 (ib. p. 91). In 1684 a brass plate, with a long inscription, was placed over the grave by the brethren of St. Maur, who had lately come into pos- session of the abbey (DUCAEEL, Anglo-Norm. Antiquities, p. 89). This, too, perished in 1793, and the church itself was demolished in 1841. The leaden coffin of the empress, however, was re-discovered in 1846, and next year her remains were translated to what her father in 1134 had told her was their only fitting abode, the cathedral church of Rouen (Revue de Rouen, 1847, pp. 43-4, 699). Twice in her life in 1134 and again in 1160 Matilda had made careful testament- ary arrangements for the distribution of her wealth to the poor, and to various hospitals, churches, and monasteries, of which Bee was chief. Her final dispositions included a large bequest for the completion of a stone bridge which she had begun to build over the Seine at Rouen. She founded several religious houses, and was a benefactress to many more. A little settlement of anchorites at Radmore in Staffordshire, on land granted by her in 1142, grew under her fostering care into a Cis- tercian monastery, which Henry II removed to Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, in 1155 (Mon- ast. Angl. v. 446). Stanley Abbey sprang from a small Cistercian house founded at Lockwell, Wiltshire as a ceH to Quarr, Isle of Wight, by her son Henry, acting in her name and his own, in 1149 or 1150 (ib. pp. 563-4). The origin of another English house of the same order, Bordesley, Worcestershire, has been ascribed to her ; but this is doubt- ful (ib. pp. 407, 409-10). A chapel of Notre- Dame du Voau at Cherbourg, founded by William the Conqueror, formed the nucleus of an Austin priory which she established at some time between 1132 and 1150 (DuMoN- STIER, Neustria Pia, p. 813 ; Gallia Chris- tiana, vol. xi. instr. col. 229). A Cistercian- house bearingthe same name, but also known as Valasse, near Lillebonne, was built be- tween 1148 and 1157, the result of avow which she had made when blockaded in Oxford in 1142 (Du MONSTIEK, pp. 851-2). A Premonstratensian priory at Silly-en- Gouffern, near Argentan, was built on land given by her between 1151 and 1161 (cf. ib, pp. 830-1, and R. TORIGNI, a. 1167); and in the last year of her life she founded a Cistercian abbey at La Noe, near Evreux (Gallia Christ, vol. xi. instr. col. 133; the- date there given to the foundation-charter is disproved by internal evidence). In Matilda's later years the harsh and violent temper which had marred one period of her career seems to have been completely mastered by the real nobleness of character which had gained for her, as a mere girl, the esteem of her first husband and the admiration of his subjects, and which even in her worst days had won and kept for her the devotion of men like Robert of Gloucester, Miles of Hereford, and Brian FitzCoimt. Arnulf of Lisieux (Opera, ed. Giles, p. 41) called her l a woman who had nothing of the woman in her ; ' but the words were evidently meant as praise, not blame. One German chronicler gives her the title which English writers give to her mother, 'the good Matilda' (Chron. Repkav., in MENCKEN, Rer. Germ. Scriptt. vol. iii. col. 357). Germans, Normans, and English are agreed as to her beauty. The sole existing portrait of her is that on he? great seal ; a majestic figure, seated, robed and crowned, and holding in her right hand a sceptre terminating in a lily-flower. This seal had been made for her in Germany, be- fore her husband's coronation at Rome ; its legend is ' Matilda, by God's grace Queen of the Romans.' The style which she com- monly used in her charters was ' Matilda the Empress, King Henry's daughter ; ' during her struggle with Stephen, 1141-7, she some- times added the title l Lady of the English ; r that of 'Queen of the English' occurs only twice, early in 1141 (ROUND, Geoff. Mande- ville, pp. 70-7). As Matthew Paris says (Chron. Maj. i. 435), the significance of her Matilda Matilda life was summed up in the epitapli graven on her tomb : ' Here lies Henry's daughter, wife and mother; great by birth greater by marriage but greatest by motherhood.' [English Chronicle, ed. Thorpe; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold; AVilliam of Malmes- bury's Historia Novella, ed. Stubbs (Gesta Kegum, vol. ii.); Draco Normannicus, Gesta Stephani, and Robert of Torigui's Chronicle, ed. Howlett (Chronicles of Stephen, &c., vols ii-iv.); Gervase of Canterbury, ed. Stubbs, vol. i. ; Robertson's Materials for History of Becket, vols. iii. v. vi., all in Eolls Series; Florence of Worcester, ed. Thorpe, vol. ii. (English Historical Society); Ordericus Vitalis, and Robert^of Tp- rigni's Continuation of William of Jumieges, in Duchesne, Historise Normannorum Scriptores; W. de Gray Birch's Charters of Empress Matilda, in Journal of Archaeological Association, vol. xxxi.; Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville ; Mrs. Everett Green's Princesses of England, vol. i.l E.N. MATILDA, DUCHESS or SAXONY (1156- 1189), third child and eldest daughter of Henry II, king of England, and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine [q. v.], was born in 1156 (R.DiCETO, i. 302), and baptised in the church of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, by Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury (' Hist. Trinity, Aid- gate,' in App. to HEARNE'S W. Newburyh, iii. 706). In 1160 the queen took her daughter to join the king in Normandy (R. TORIGNI, p. 207) ; they seem to have brought her back with them in January 1163. Early in 1165 an embassy came from the emperor, Frederic Barbarossa, to ask in marriage two of Henry's daughters, one for Frederic's son, the other for his cousin, Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. The former of these proposals came to nothing; the second was accepted for Matilda, who then accompanied her mother on another visit to Normandy, whence they returned in the autumn of 1166 (ib. pp. 224, 225, 233, dating the return a year too late). The earliest extant register of English ten- ants-in-chivalry and their holdings, still pre- served in the ' Red ' and ' Black ' ' Books of the Exchequer,' was probably compiled with a view to the assessment of the aid levied by the king for his daughter's marriage. Early in 1167 the duke sent envoys to fetch his bride. She sailed from Dover about Michael- mas, was accompanied by her mother to Normandy, and thence proceeded, probably after Christmas, to Germany (GERV. CANT. i. 205 ; R. DICETO, i. 330; EYTON, Itin. Hen. II, p. 109). The duke met her at Minden, and there they were married by Bishop Werner in the cathedral church, 1 Feb. 1168 ('Chron. Episc. Mindens.,' quoted in LEIBNITZ'S Orig. Guelf. iii. 69). Henry the Lion was twenty-seven years older than his child-bride; he had been married long before she was born, and divorced from his first wife in 1162. First cousin to the emperor, he was Duke of Bavaria, Saxony, and Brunswick ; ' from the Elbe to the Rhine, from the Hartz to the sea,' all was his. Brunswick was his home ; there the new- married couple held their wedding-feast (Ann. Stadens., PEKTZ, xvi. 346) ; and there their first child, Richenza, was born during her father's absence on pilgrimage in 1172 (ARN. LUBECK in PERTZ, xxi. 116). Two sons were born in the next eight years. In January 1180 (Bb'HMER, Regesta Meg. Roman, p. 140) a quarrel which had long been smouldering between the duke and the emperor ended in Henry's condemnation, by a diet at Wiirz- burg, to forfeiture of all his territories ( Gesta Hen. i. 249; ROG. HOWDEN, ii. 201). He refused to submit, and Frederic laid siege to Brunswick just as Matilda had given birth within its walls to her third son. She ap- pealed to the emperor's chivalry; he sent her a tun of wine, and raised the siege ('Chron. Laudun.,' with a wrong date, in Rer. Gall. Scriptt. xviii. 703). At the end of November 1181 the duke submitted, and abjured his country for three years (Ann. Palidens., PERTZ, xvi. 96 ; ARN. LUBECZ, ib. xxi. 142). Frederic secured to Matilda the revenues of her dower-lands, and offered to let her dwell on them in peace, but she pre- ferred to go with her husband to her father's court (Gesta Hen. i. 288). Their daughter and two of their sons accompanied them ; the third, Lothar, was left in Germany (R. DICETO, ii. 13). They reached Argentan in the summer of 1182 (cf. Gesta Hen. i. 288, and EYTON, Itin. Hen. II, p. 248), and there soon afterwards their fourth son was born (Gesta Hen. 1. c.) On 12 June 1184 Ma- tilda went to England (ib. p. 312), and in that year her fifth son, William, was born at Winchester (ib. p. 313 ; R. DICETO, ii. 22). In November she was in London with her husband ; at Christmas both were at Windsor with the king (Gesta Hen. i. 319, 333), In 1185, the three years having expired, and Henry II having obtained for his son-in-law the restitution of the allodial lands of Bruns- wick. Matilda returned thither with her husband and sons (ib. pp. 322, 334 ; ARN. LUBECK, PERTZ, xxi. 156). In the spring of 1189 the emperor bade Henry the Lion either accompany him on crusade, or go into exile again till his return. Henry again sought refuge in England (Gesta Hen. ii. 62) ; Matilda remained with her children at Brunswick, and there died, 28 June (Ann. Stederburg., PERTZ, xvi. 221), or 13 July (R. DICETO, ii. 65). Matilda 59 Maton Two original portraits of her exist in the church of St. Blasius at Brunswick ; one, a picture representing her marriage, painted early in the thirteenth century ; the other, a recumbent figure carved in stone upon her tomb. Both are engraved in Leibnitz's ' Origines Guelficoe ' (vol. iii. pi. iii. and xiv.) She seems to have been tall and handsome. The troubadour Bertrand de Born wrote two love-songs in which he celebrates her under the name of Elena (RAYNOUAED, Poesies des Troubadours, iii. 135, 137, v. 81; CLEDAT, Bert, de Born, pp. 79, 81). Her husband re- turned to Brunswick after Frederic's death, and dying there in 1195 w^as buried at her right hand, ' choosing to sleep beside her in death as in life ' (Ann. Stcderburg, PEETZ, xvi. 231). His people revered her as ' a most religious woman, whose memory is of note before God and man, whose good works and sweet disposition enhanced the lustre of the long royal line whence she sprang ; a woman of profound piety, of wondrous sympathy for the afflicted, of much almsgiving and many prayers ' (Anx. LUBECK, PERTZ, xxi. 116). Her eldest child, Richenza, is said by some writers to have married Waldemar II, king of Denmark ; but it is clear that this is a mis- take (see SCHEID'S note in On//. Guelf. iii. 172), and that Richenza is identical with the daughter whom the English chroniclers call Matilda, w r ho was left in Normandy w r ith her grandparents in 1185, returned to England with them in 1186. (Gesta Hen. i. 345), was married, "first, in 1189, to Geoffrey of Perche (ib. ii. 73), and secondly, between 1200 and 1205, to Ingelram III of Coucy, and died before 1210 (LEIBNITZ, Orig. Guelf. iii. 174-5, 583-5). The eldest son, Henry, assumed the title of Duke of Saxony on his father's death, became count palatine of the Rhine in 1196, and died in 1227, leaving only two daughters. His brother Otto, nominated by his uncle Richard I as Earl of York in 1190, and Count of Poitou in 1196, was chosen emperor in 1198, crowned at Rome in 1209, and died childless in 1218. Lothardied in 1190. The boy born at Argentan in 1182 is never heard of again ; doubtless he died in infancy. Ma- tilda's youngest child, the English- born Wil- liam * of Winchester,' died in 1213, leaving by his wife, Helen, daughter of Waldemar I of Denmark, a son named Otto, who became sole heir male of the family on the death of his uncle Henry in 1227, and from whom sprang the ducal house of Brunswick and Luneburg, and the present royal house of England. [The original authorities are given above. Ralph de Diceto, Gervase o Canterbury, the Gesta Henrici, Roger of Howden, and Robert of Torigni (Chronicles of Stephen, &c., vol. iv.) are in the Rolls Series ; the German chronicles referred to are inPertz, Monumenta Germanise Historica, vols. xvi. and xxi. The modern works consulted are Mrs. Everett Green's Princesses of England, vol. i. ; the Origines Guelficye, compiled by Leib- nitz and edited by Scheid ; and L'Art de veri- fier les Dates, vol. xvi.] K. N. MATON, ROBERT (1607-1653?), divine, was the second son of William Maton of North Tidworth, "Wiltshire, and his wife Thomazin, daughter of William Hayter of Langford. He was born in 1607, probably at North Tidworth, but the registers pre- vious to 1700 have been destroyed. He en- tered as a commoner at Wadham College, Oxford, in Michaelmas term 1623, aged about sixteen, matriculated 3 Nov. 1626, proceeded B.A. 25 Oct. 1627, and M.A. 10 June 1630 (GAEDINEE). Taking holy orders he was pre- sented to a living, but in what county is un- certain. Wood (Athence Oxon.} says that he was always at heart a ' millenary,' but that he never made public his views until the re- bellion, in which he saw a possibility of their fulfilment. He published in 1642 ' Israel's Re- demption, or the Propheticall History of our Saviour's Kingdom on Earth,' &c., and ' Gog and Magog, or the Battle of the Great Day of God Almightie,' London, 1642 ; 2nd edit. 1646. The former work led him into some controversy, and in 1644 a reply, entitled 1 Chiliasto Mastix, or the Prophecies . . . vindicated from the Misinterpretations of the Millenaries, and specially of Mr. Maton/ &c., was published at Rotterdam by Alex- ander Petrie, minister of the Scots church there. Maton remained an ardent believer in the literal meaning of scriptural prophecy, and in 1646 he published, in reply to Petrie, 1 Israel's Redemption Redeemed, or the Jewes generall and miraculous Conversion to the Faith of the Gospel, and Returne into their owne Land; and our Saviour's Personall Reigne on Earth cleerly proved.' He en- deavours here to show the l proper sense of the plagues contained under the Trumpets and Vialls.' Wood wrongly says (ib. iii. 409) that Petrie W 7 rote a second reply. Maton's book was republished (London, 1652) under a new title, ' Christ's Personall Reigne on Earth One Thousand Yeares. . . . The Man- ner, Beginning, and Continuation of His Reigne clearly proved by many plain Texts of Scripture,' &C. It was again republished as ' A Treatise of the Fifth Monarchy' (1655), with a portrait of Maton by Cross (GEAXGEE). Though not apparently openly connected with the Fifth-monarchy men, Maton was doubtless in sympathy with them. Of his death we have no record. Maton Matthew [Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 409; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, iii. 52 ; Steven's Hist, of the Scottish Church in Kotter- dam, Edinburgh, 1832, pp. 12-14; Gardiner's Kegisters of Wadham Coll. Oxford, pp. 70-1 ; Sir Thomas Phillipps's Visitatio Heraldica Com. Wilt., 1828, catalogued under 'Wilts,' for Maton's pedigree.] C. F. S. MATON, WILLIAM GEORGE, M.D. (1774-1835), physician, son of George Maton, a wine merchant, was born at Salisbury, 31 Jan. 1774. He was sent to the free grammar school of his native city, and early showed some taste for natural history. In July 1790 lie entered at Queen's College, Oxford, and while there gave much time to botany, and acquired the friendship of Dr. John Sibthorp [q. v.], the professor of that subject. On 18 March 1794 he was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society, and thus came to know Sir James Edward Smith [q. v.] the botanist. He published several papers in the ' Transactions ' one in vol. iii. on a freshwater shell, Tellina rivalis ; another in vol. v., * Observations on the Orcheston Long Grass ; ' a third (vol. vii.), with Mr. Rackett, ' An Historical Account of Testa- ceological Writers,' and 'A Descriptive Cata- logue of British Testacea ; ' a fifth (vol. x.), ' On Testacea from Rio de la Plata.' He be- came vice-president of the society ; and the members showed their regard for him by calling a woodpecker, a shell-fish, and a genus of plants after him. In the ' London Medical Journal/ vol. v., he published a paper on cinchona, in which he describes his discovery of the alkaline principle of the bark. He also worked at history ; wrote an account of a conventual seal found at Salis- bury in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1792, and parts of the < Salisbury Guide,' and Hutchins's ' History of Dorset,' as well as a paper on Stonehenge in the ' Archgeo- logia' for 1794. In that year he graduated B. A. at Oxford, and in 1797 M. A. In 1797 he published at Salisbury, in two volumes, 1 Observations relative chiefly to the Natural History, Picturesque Scenery, and Anti- quities of the Western Counties of Eng- land, made chiefly in the Years 1794 and 1796.' This is a record of travels in Dorset, Devonshire, Cornwall, and Somerset. The plants and the antiquities are pleasantly described, while the author seems to have been very sensible to the charms of land- scape. In Cornwall he did not forget to inquire about the Cornish language, but could not find a single person who could speak it, and concluded that it was extinct. The first tour was made with his friend Charles Hatchett, F.R.S., and Mr. Rackett the botanist. On his return from the second he began medical study at the Westminster Hospital, and 11 July 1798 graduated M.B. at Oxford, and 15 April 1801 M.D. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians of London 30 Sept. 1802, became Gulstonian lecturer in 1803, censor 1804, 1813, and 1824, treasurer 1814 to 1820, and Harveian orator 1815. He was physician to the West- minster Hospital 1800-8. He published three papers in the ' Transactions of the Col- lege of Physicians : ' f On Superfoetation ' (vol. iv.) ; ' Some Account of a Rash liable to be mistaken for Scarlatina ; ' 'On a case of Chorea in an Aged Person cured by Musk.' They do not show much depth of medical attainment. During the Weymouth season Maton used to practise in that town. One day as he was walking there an equerry summoned him to Queen Charlotte, who asked him to name a specimen of Arundo (now Calamagrostis) Epigejos, which one of the princesses fond of botany had obtained. He named the plant, and acquired the confidence of the royal family. In 1816 he was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Charlotte, and in 1820 attended the Duke of Kent in his last ill- ness. He afterwards became physician to the duchess and to the infant Princess Victoria. His practice increased, and was only ex- ceeded by that of Sir Henry Halford [q. v.} In his holidays he travelled abroad. His father, who died in 1816, proved to be deeply in debt, and before 1827 Maton paid all that was owing to the amount of 20,0007. The mayor and corporation of Salisbury, in testi- mony of his honourable conduct, on this oc- casion gave him the freedom of their city in a gold box. He bought a country seat near Downton, Wiltshire, but six months later became very ill and died 30 March 1835 at his house in Spring Gardens, London. A portrait of him hangs in the dining-room of the College of Physicians, and a good engrav- ing of a drawing of him is the frontispiece of Dr. Paris's ' Life.' [J. A. Paris s Biographical Sketch of Wil- liam George Maton, M.D., London, 1838 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 6 ; Works.] N. M. MATTHEW. [See also MATHEW.] MATTHEW PARIS (d. 1259), historian. [See PARIS.] MATTHEW or WESTMINSTER (fi. 14th cent.), historian. [See WESTMINSTER.] MATTHEW. TOBIE or TOBIAS (1546-1628), archbishop of York, was the son of John Matthew of Ross, Hereford- shire, and his wife Eleanor Crofton of Lud- low. He was born at Bristol in 1546, and Matthew 61 Matthew gave many books to his native city when [ archbishop (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus Anylice, \ 1516). He received his early education at ! Wells and matriculated at Oxford as a pro- ! bationer of University College in 1559. He graduated B.A. in February 1563-4. In , February 1564-5 he was a member of Christ | Church, and he proceeded M.A. in July 1566, I being then student of that house. He was j ordained in the same year, ' at which time j he was much respected for his great learn- ing, eloquence, sweet- conversation, friendly disposition, and the sharpness of his wit ' j (WooD, Athence Oxonienses). When Queen Elizabeth visited the university in the same : year he took part in a ' disputation in philo- ; eophy ' before her in St. Mary's Church on j 3 Sept., arguing in favour of an elective as j against an hereditary monarchy. When the : queen left Christ Church on her departure | from Oxford, he bade her farewell in an elo- j quent oration {Elizabethan Oxford, Oxford Historical Society). His handsome presence and his ready wit attracted the queen's notice. * He was one of a proper person (such people, Cfsteris paribus and sometimes cceteris im- paribus, were preferred by the queen) and an excellent Preacher ' (FULLEK, Church His- \ tory, p. 133). The queen continued her favour to him throughout her life (THOKESBY, Vicaria Leodiensis, gives many instances), and was equally kind to his wife, on whom she bestowed ' a fragment of an unicorn's horn.' On 2 Nov. 1569 he was unanimously elected public orator of the university, and held the office till August 1572. In 1570 iie was appointed a canon of Christ Church, on 28 Nov. 1572 archdeacon of Bath, on 15 May 1572 prebendary of Teynton Regis in the cathedral of Salisbury, and ' being much famed for his admirable way of preaching he was made one of the queen's chaplains in ordinary ' (WooD, Athena O.von.) On 17 July 1572 he was elected president of St. John's College, which had then an intimate connec- tion with Christ Church. He was the fifth president since the foundation seventeen years before, and he had to struggle with the difficulties of a poor and divided college. In 1573 he endeavoured, on the score of poverty, to win release from the annual obligation to elect scholars from Merchant Taylors' School (WILSON, History of Merchant Tay- lors' School}. In 1576 he was appointed dean of Christ Church, and resigned the headship of St. John's on 8 May 1577. He took the degree of B.D. 10 Dec. 1573, and D.D. June 1574. On 14 July 1579 he was nominated vice-chancellor of the university by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, then chancellor. When Campion published Jus 'Decem Ra- tiones ' in 1581, Matthew's was the first an- swer from Oxford. In a Latin sermon before the university, 9 Oct. 1581, he defended the Reformation, appealing chiefly to the teach- ing of Christ and primitive Christianity, and refraining from either quoting or defending Luther. In June 1583 he became precentor of Salisbury, but resigned in the following February. He was installed as dean of Dur- ham 31 Aug. 1583, and resigned the deanery of Christ Church early in 1584. He was in- ducted as vicar of Bishop's Wearmouth on 28 May 1590. While dean of Durham, Matthew acted as a political agent of the government in the north, and was a vigorous pursuer of recu- sants. Through him the queen's advisers frequently received information on the con- dition of Scotland (' a court and kingdom as full of welters and uncertainties as the moon is of changes,' Tobie Matthew to Walsing- ham, 15 Jan. 1593, Cal. State Papers}. He was none the less active as an orator, and his services as preacher were eagerly sought all over the county palatine. l Yet for all his pains in preaching he neglected not his proper episcopal acts of visitation, confirmation, or- dination, &c. ... he confirmed sometimes five hundred, sometimes a thousand at a time ; yea, so many that he hath been forced to be- take himself to his bed for refreshment. At Hartlepool he was forced to confirm in the churchyard.' In 1595 he was promoted to the bishopric of Durham. A letter of his successor in the deaneryto Cecil (16Jan. 1597,$.)gives a graphic picture of the condition of the great northern diocese at the time. In the bishopric five hundred ploughs had decayed within fifty years. Of eight thousand acres lately in tillage not eight score were theji tilled, and the people were driven into the coast towns. In Northumberland great villages were dis- peopled, and there was no man to withstand the enemy's attack. The misery had arisen through decay of tillage. Amid the con- fusion recusancy held up its head. Matthew sat in the court of high commission and ex- amined the offenders, but they were obsti- nate. The remedies suggested for the condi- tion of Northumberland (June 1602, ?.) show the difficulties against which he had to contend. The bishop, it is proposed in this paper, should compel his incumbents to be resident and preach, and the queen's farmers of taxes who hold Hexham, Holy Island, Bamborough, and Tynemouth, and leave churches either wholly unprovided, or supplied with mean curates, ought to be forced to support preachers. The bishop seems gradually to have brought about an improvement ; he was most energetic in dis- Matthew Matthew charge of his duties, and constantly sent up lists of recusants and examinations of sus- pected persons. His services were recog- nised by James I no less than by his prede- cessor ; he took a prominent part in the Hampton Court conference, and preached at the close before the king, who greatly ad- mired his sermons (cf. STEYPE, Whitgift,A.w pp. 236-8). On 18 April 1606 he was appointed arch- bishop of York, on the death of Dr. Matthew Hutton, whom he had succeeded also at Dur- ham. In the primacy his political activity in- creased. He was named on the commission for ' examining and determining all contro- versies in the north ' (21 July 1609, ib.) He was given the custody of the Lady Ara- bella Stuart, and it was from his house that she escaped in June 1611. He preached the sermon on the opening of parliament in 1614. In the same year, when the lords re- fused to meet the commons in conference on the impositions, and sixteen bishops voted in the majority, Matthew alone voted for conferring with the lower house. If the letter in ' Cabala ' is genuine (see below), this was not the only occasion on which he opposed the royal policy. During his last years he retired from political life, and was excused attendance at parliament, 1624-6, on account of his age and infirmities. In 1624 he gave up York House to the king for Buckingham, in exchange for certain Yorkshire manors. As early as 1607 rumours of his death were abroad (J. Chamberlain to Dudley Carle- ton, ib. 30 Dec. 1607), and he was supposed to encourage them. ' He died yearly,' says Fuller {Church History, p. 133), 'in report, and I doubt not but that in the Apostle's sense he died daily in his mortifying medita- tions.' In 1616 one of these reports caused considerable mirth at the expense of the avaricious archbishop of Spalatro, who ap- plied to the king for the see which he sup- posed to be vacant (GARDINER, Hist. ofEngl. iv. 285). Matthew died on 29 March 1628, and was buried in York Minster, where his tomb stands (the effigy now separate) in the south side of the presbytery. Matthew, though renowned in his day as a preacher and divine, was a statesman quite as much as a prelate. The advisers of Eliza- beth and James felt that they could rely upon him to watch and guard the northern shires. None the less was he a diligent bishop and a pious man. * He had an admirable talent for preaching, which he never suffered to lie idle, but used to go from one town to another to preach to crowded audiences. He kept an exact account of the sermons which he preached after he was preferred ; by which it appears that he preached, when dean of Dur- ham, 721 ; when bishop of that diocese, 550 ; when archbishop of York, 721 ; in all, 1992 ' (GRANGER, Biographical History, i. 342). He was noted for his humour. 'He was of a cheerful spirit,' says Fuller, 'yet without any trespass on episcopal gravity, there lying a real distinction between facetiousness and nugacity. None could condemn him for his pleasant wit, though often he would condemn himself, as so habited therein he could as well be as not be merry, and not take up an inno- cent jest as it lay in the way of his discourse y (Church History, p. 133). He married Frances, daughter of William Barlow (d. 1568) [q. v.], sometime bishop of Chichester, and widow of Matthew Parker, second son of the archbishop. She was ' a prudent and a provident matron' (ib.), gave his library of over three thousand volumes to the cathedral of York, and ' is memorable likewise for having a bishop to her father, an archbishop to her father-in-law, four bishops , to her brethren, and an archbishop to her husband' (CAMDEN, Britannia). She died 10 May 1629. Their brilliant son, Sir Tobie [q. v.], was a great trouble to his father. Two younger sons were named John and Samuel, and there were two daughters (HUNTER, Chorus Vatum, Addit. MS. 24490, f. 234). His portrait in the hall of Christ Church, Oxford, shows him as a small, meagre man, with moustache and beard turning grey. Matthew published 'Piissimi et eminen- tissimi viri Tobias Matthew Archiepiscopi olim Eboracensis concio apologetica adversus Campianum. Oxoniae excudebat Leonardus Lichfield impensis Ed. Forrest an. Dom. 1638.' There is a manuscript in late six- teenth-century hand in the Bodleian. The sermon seems to have been largely circulated in manuscript, though it was not printed till ten years after the archbishop's death. Mat- thew is also credited with 'A Letter to James I' (Cabala, i. 108). This is a severe indictment of the king's proposed toleration and of the prince's journey into Spain. The writer declares that the king was taking to himself a liberty to throw down the laws of the land at pleasure,, and threatens divine judgments. The letter is unsigned and un- dated, and, in default of evidence of author- ship, it seems improbable that Matthew was the writer. Thoresby attributes it to George Abbot. ' I have been informed that he had several things lying by him worthy of the press, but what became of them after his death I know not, nor anything to the contrary, but that they came into the hands of his son, Sir Tobie ' (WooD, Athenee Oxon.} Matthew Matthew [For the degrees and university offices held by Matthew the Reg. of Univ. of Oxford, ed. Boase and Clark (Oxford Hist. Soc.) For later life : St. John's College MSS. ; Wood's Athense Oxon. ; Fuller's Church Hist. ; Godwin, De Praesulibus Anglise ; H. B. Wilson's Hist, of Merchant Tay- lors' School ; Granger's Biog. Hist. ; Camden's Britannia ; Le Neve's Lives of Bishops since the Reformation ; Thoresby's Vicaria Leodiensis, pp. 155 sq. (largely from the archbishop's manu- scriptdiary). The Calendars of State Papers afford many illustrations of the archbishop's political and private life.] W. H. H. MATTHEW, SIR TOBIE (1577-1655), courtier, diplomatist, and writer, was born at Salisbury on 3 Oct. 1577, ' a little after three of the clock in the afternoon' (T MORESBY, Vicaria Leodiensis, 1724, p. 174), his father, Tobie or Tobias Matthew [q. v.J, afterwards archbishop of York, being at that time dean of Christ Church, Oxford, where Wood states, erroneously, that Tobie was born. He ma- triculated from Christ Church 13 March 1589-90, and graduated B.A. 5 June 1594, M.A. 5 July 1597. While still at Oxford the advantages of ' pregnant parts ' and ' a good tutor ' combined to render him noted orator and disputant.' and his father con- ceived the greatest hopes of him from his vivacity (WOOD). The same quality made him a welcome guest at the houses of the great, and as early as 1595 he acted the esquire's part in Essex's ' Device ' on the queen's day (Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sidney, Sid- ney Papers, i. 362).. In 1596 he had a severe illness, aggravated by a misunderstanding with his father, who was inclined to be severe and exacting (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1595- 1597, p. 168). In 1598 he was staying with young Throgmorton in France (CHAMBER- LAIN, Letters, Camd. Soc., p. 10) : later in the year the domestic atmosphere was again troubled owing to Tobie's debts. On 15 May 1599 he was admitted of Gray's Inn. On 3 Oct. 1601 he entered parliament as member for Newport, Cornwall, and about the same time laid the foundation of an intimacy with Francis Bacon, which only terminated with the latter's death in 1626" In March 1603 he undertook to deliver a letter from Bacon to James I, and Bacon describes him as a very worthy and rare young gentleman. On 25 March 1604 he re-entered parliament as member for St. Albans, vice Sir Francis Bacon, who elected to serve for Ipswich (Returns of Memb. of Parl. i. 444). In 1604. in accordance with a wish that he had long entertained, he resolv.ed to visit Italy, having ' often heard of the antiquities arid other curiosities of ' that country. But his parents refused their consenj. His mother, who was puritanically inclined, and seems- to have early suspected his bias towards Ro- man Catholicism, was most reluctant to lose sight of him, and offered to settle her for- tune on him if he would stay in England and marry. But deceitfully announcing that he intended to go to France only, he obtained his parents' permission, on the express con- dition that he did not stay long abroad, and on no account visited either Italy or Spain. With a license to travel for three years, dated I 3 July 1604 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603- I 1610, p. 128), he sailed for France early in ! the following year, and once out of England I he did not stop until he reached Florence. While there he was surprised and touched by a kind letter from his father, begging him to return after satisfying his curiosity, and urging him to be true to the protestant re- ligion. His protestant principles were, he says, at that time in no need of confirmation, but soon after this he met in Florence some English catholics, especially Sir George Petre and Robert Cansfield ; and from one Partridge, nephew of Sir Henry Western, he received a sensational account of the liquefaction of the blood of St. Januarius protestant testimony to the miracle, which was confirmed by that of another protestant, the Earl of Suffolk's eldest son. Subsequently Matthew moved to Siena, that he might f be with Italians only, in order ! to learn their language/ and thence he went to Naples, and finally to Rome. At Rome he visited the famous Jesuit Robert Parsons [q. v.], partly, as he says, out of curiosity, and partly ' out of respect to one who might possibly do him an injury.' Parsons at once set about converting him, and recommended him to read William Reynolds's ' masterly " Reprehension of Dr. Whitaker." ' At the same time he was most courteously received by Cardinal Pinelli, his conversion being evi- dently regarded as a foregone conclusion. He returned to Florence in an unsettled state, kept aloof from the little English colony, and lived * freely and dissolutely ' in ' a small house in a retired part of the town. During the spring of 1606 he was much im- pressed by the Florentine observance of Lent. He resolved impulsively to reform his life and change his religion, and was received into the Roman catholic communion at the close of March by Father Lelio Ptolomei, an Italian Jesuit, whom he had frequently heard preach during Lent. He remained abroad for about six months after his conversion, and then set out for England, where he arrived, by way of France and Flanders, in Septem- ber. He took up his abode in a French ordi- nary near the Tower of London, and at first kept his conversion secret, but subsequently Matthew 6 4 Matthew communicated it to Sir Robert Cecil through Bacon, and simultaneously changed his lodg- ing to Fleet Street. It devolved upon Bacon to make known his backsliding to Bancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, who promptly un- dertook his reconversion. He had many con- ferences with the archbishop, but they only ended in his being committed a close prisoner to the Fleet, where he was detained six months. He was, however, allowed free converse with his friends, 'who sought to recover him,' and was, moreover, put in good hope of further liberty. Among those who visited Mm were Thomas Morton [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Durham, of whom he had a bad opinion, Sir Edwin Sandys, on whose vanity he enlarges, Sir Henry Goodyear, John Donne the poet, Richard Martin, and Captain White- lock, who called St. Paul a widgeon, and was generally so blasphemous that his hearer momentarily expected his annihilation, but was ' yet so witty as would almost tempt a man to forgive him, in spight of his heart and judgment.' Bacon wrote him a letter during his imprisonment on his seduction, laying stress upon ' the extreme effects of supersti- tion in this last gunpowder treason.' The high opinion entertained by Bacon of Mat- thew's literary judgment is shown by his sub- mitting to him at this time the rough sketch of his' Infelicem memoriam Elizabethse/thus commencing a practice which he appears to have continued to the last (MATTHEW, Let- ters, p. 22). Another of Tobie's interviewers was Bishop Andrewes, and before the close of 1607 Alberico Gentili [q. v.] was sent by the renegade's father, as a last resource, to try and bring him back. Early in 1608, owing to a severe outbreak of the plague, Matthew was allowed to leave the prison on parole, and on 7 Feb. 1607-8 the combined influence of his father, Bacon, and Cecil (who had previously had a dispute with, but was now reconciled to him), procured his release from the Fleet. He was transferred to the charge of a messenger of state, who was made re- sponsible for his appearance. Two months later he obtained the king's leave to go abroad. He left England not to return for ten years. He seems to have first gone to Brussels, and thence to Madrid. There he appears in 1609 to have been in the train of Sir Robert Shirley (WisrwooD, Memorials, iii. 104, 128), and thither in the same year Bacon sent him his ' Advancement of Learning,' and the key to his famous cipher, about which he requests secrecy. In February 1610 Bacon sent him his < De Sapientia Veterum,' and in the fol- lowing year he was at Venice with his friend Mr. Gage (ib. iii. 384), through whom he became acquainted with Edward Norgate [q. v.] the illuminer. Sir Dudley Carleton met him there in 1612, e so broken with travel ' that the name * II vecchio ' was applied to him (Court and Times of James I, i. 195). From 1611 onwards he missed no opportunity of urging Salisbury and others to obtain him permission to return home, if only as a re- cognition of his exemplary conduct while abroad ; but the king turned a deaf ear to his importunities. In 1614 he was ordained priest at Rome by Cardinal Bellarmine (FOLEY). After this he probably returned to Madrid, where he possessed some influence and a wide circle of acquaintance. In 1616 his father, the archbishop, wrote to the newly converted Thomas Howard, second earl of Arundel [q. v.], deploring his son's recu- sancy, and entreating the earl by his ju- dicious advice to persuade him, 'yea, to press him,' to take a proper view of his duty * to- wards his king and his father, as well as his God.' This would seem at first sight to imply that Tobie was in England, but his return was, it is almost certain, deferred until the following year, when influence which he had brought to bear upon Buckingham procured the king's consent (cf. State Papers, Dom. 1610-18, p. 465). He landed at Dover in May 1617, and was seen by Chamberlain on the 18th of that month at Winwood's house. Soon afterwards he went to Bacon at Gor- hambury, and in August was entertained by Thomas Wilbraham atTownsend, nearNant- wich, during the king's stay at that mansion. By October he was settled in London, and was observed to pay nightly visits to Gon- domar (ib. p. 489). At this time, says Wood, he was generally allowed to be a person of wit and polite behaviour, and ' a very com- pleat gentleman,' remarkably conversant with foreign affairs. From London in 1618 he issued an Italian translation of Bacon's essays, entitled ' Saggi morali del Signore Francesco Bacono, cavagliero inglese, gran cancelliero d' Inghilterra. Con vn altro suo trattato della sapienza degli antichi,' London, 8vo. A dedi- catory letter to Cosmo, grand duke of Tus- ' cany, contains a fine eulogy of Bacon. . On Bacon's impeachment, Matthew wrote him a letter which Bacon compared to ' old gold ' (MATTHEW, Letters, p. 69 ; cf. SPEDDIXG, xiv. 286-7). A second edition of Matthew's translation appeared in 1619 and a third in 1621. The second edition ('curante Andrea Cioli ') contains the essay ' On Seditions and Troubles,' which was not printed in English till 1625. Though Matthew had now been nearly two years in England, he had not taken the oath of allegiance. The king was displeased at his constant refusal, and in January 1618- Matthew Matthew 1619 lie was ordered to leave the kingdom. He went to Brussels, whence in February he wrote to Bacon on Spanish affairs (SPED- DING, xiv. 20). Two translations occupied the next year of his exile. The first was ' The Confession of the Incomparable Doc- tour, S. Augustine, translated into English : Together with a Large Preface, which it will much import to be read over first ; that so the book itself may both profit and please the reader more.' It was very sharply an- swered by Matthew SutcliiFe [q. v.], dean of Exeter, in his vituperative * Unmasking of a Masse Monger,' London, 1626, in which frank allusion is made to the alleged liber- tinism of Tobie's youth. Another transla- tion, issued anonymously in 1620, but un- doubtedly by Matthew (Peacham's ascrip- tion, in Truth of our Time, p. 102, being \ corroborated by internal evidence), was en- j titled ' A Relation of the Death of the most illustrious Lord, Sig r Troilo Sauelli, a baron of Rome, who was there beheaded in the castle of Sant Angelo, on the 18 of Aprill 1592.' Another edition, 'more correct,' appeared in 12mo in 1663, entitled ' The Penitent Bandito,' and signed by Sir T. M., knight, to which in the British Museum copy is added the author's name in full in Anthony ti Wood's handwriting. In the meantime Lord Bristol's influence was being exerted to procure Matthew's per- manent return. On 29 Dec. 1621 he landed at Dover, and after a short delay was per- mitted to proceed to London. In May 1622 he dined with Gondomar ; in June, at the instance of Buckingham's mother, he sus- tained the catholic cause against Dr. Wright in a disputation before the king (Diary of Walter Yonge, Camd. Soc. p. 60). He had the goodwill of Buckingham (see his Letters to the DuJte, ap. Goodman, ii. 267-70), and seems to have exerted himself to obtain that of the king, as in 1622 he acquainted the government with a scheme for erecting titular Roman catholic bishoprics in England, and the project was accordingly nipped in the bud. In 1623 he was rewarded with the con- fidence of the king, who despatched him to Madrid to advise Charles and Buckingham, and he amused the prince by penning a flat- tering and witty, but somewhat licentious, description of the beauties of the infanta's mind and person (copied in Harl. MS. 1576). The Prince of Wales, in a postscript to a letter from Buckingham to the king (dated 20 June 1623), related how ' littel prittie Tobie Mat- thew ' came to entreat them to send to the king what he called l a pictur of the In- fanta's drawen in black and white : ' ' We pray you let none lafe at it but yourselfe and VOL. XXXVII. horniest Kate [the Duchess of Buckingham]. He thinkes he hath hitt the naille of the head, but you will fynd it foolishest thing that ever you saw' (ib. 6987). In a letter to her lord, dated 16 July, * horniest Kate ' deplores that ' she hath not seen the picktur Toby Mathus ded. ... I do immagen what a rare pesce it is being of his doing.' On 8 Aug. he wrote from Madrid a letter of comfort to the duchess, assuring her that the duke continued supreme ' in the prince's heart' (GOODMAN, Court of James I, ii. 303). While in Spain Matthew had some sharp rallies with a rival wit, Archie [see ARM- STRONG, ARCHIBALD] (Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, ap. Court and Times of James 7, ii. 423). It does not appear that he greatly assisted the negotiations, but shortly before the prince's departure he sent a memo- randum to the catholic king, protesting as strongly as was feasible against the ' voto ' of the ' theologi' (Cabala, 1691, p. 303). On his return he attended the court with assiduity, and on 20 Oct. 1623 he was knighted by the king at Royston, ' for what service/ says Chamberlain, ' God knows ' (NICHOLS, Pro- gresses of James 7, iv. 931; METCALFE, Book of Knights, p. 181). These marks of royal favour led his parents to relent and invite him to York. At his father's house there he relates how ' it happened that there came by accident, if not by designe, a kind of lustie knott, if it might not rather goe for a little colledge, of certaine eminent Clergie- men/ by whom he found himself inveigled into controversial discussion. Provoked at last to a warm utterance of his views, he states ' it was strange to see how they wrung their hands, and their whites of eyes were turned up, and their devout sighes were sent abroad to testifie their grief that I would utter myself after that manner.' During these two years (1622-3) he had much serious talk with the archbishop, who derived what consolation he could from the fact that his son was content to read such protestant manuals as he put before him. Sir Tobie even cherished the hope of making a proselyte of his father. On his mother's fervent puritanism he could make little impression, and his filial piety suffered in consequence. l My mother,' he wrote, upon her death in May 1629, ' went out of the world calling for her silkes and toyes and trinketts, more like an ignorant childe of foure yeares than like a talking scripturist of almost foure score '(NELIGAN). His father on his death in 1628 is stated to have left him in his will only a piece of plate of twenty marks, having in his lifetime given him over 14,000/. ( WILLIS, Cathedrals (York), p. 53). Matthew 66 Matthew In 1624 Sir Tobie was selected one of the eighty-four ' Essentials.' or original working members, of the abortive Academe Royal, of which the scheme had just been completed by Edmund Bolton [q. v.] In June 1 625 he was at Boulogne, whence he wrote an in- teresting letter to the Duchess of Bucking- ham, describing Henrietta Maria in enthu- siastic terms which rival those of his previous 'picture' of the infanta (Cabala, p. 302). A considerable portion of the next few years Sir Tobie spent abroad, probably either in Paris or in Brussels. It is said that in 1625, at Sir Tobie's special request, Bacon added his ' Essay on Friendship ' to the series in commemoration of their long intimacy. On his death in the following year he bequeathed Matthew 301. to buy a ring. At the court of the new king Sir Tobie became more openly identified with the catholics, among whom he was sometimes known as Father Price. A secular priest of this name, described as f long a prisoner in Newgate,' is included in Gee's list of 190 Romish priests and Jesuits resident about London in March 1624 (' Foot out of the Snare,' printed in SOMERS, Tracts, 1810, iii. 87, 91). In September 1633 a lying report was spread by Lodowick Bowyer to the effect that he had died at Gravesend, and that com- promising correspondence from Laud to the pope had been found upon him (Hist. MSS. Comm. llth Rep. App. vii. 185). Later in the year he accompanied Strafford to Ire- land in the capacity of secretary, but was soon back again in London, and his influence there at the moment was vividly depicted by the French ambassador. 'The cleverest of the Catholic seminarists,' he writes, ' is Tobie Matthew, a man of parts, active, influential, an excellent linguist ; he penetrates cabinets, he insinuates himself into all kinds of affairs, and knows the temper and purpose of those who govern the kingdom, especially of the Lord Treasurer, whom he manages so skil- fully that he is able to realise all his schemes in favour of Spain. ... He is a man, " sans interet particulier, qui ne travaille que pour 1'honneur et pour sa passion, qui est le sou- lagement et 1'avancement des catholiques." ' He was described as well affected to France, if only that country would aid him in his design, the means indicated being : 1. By interposing to obtain the same oath of alle- giance for England as for Ireland, a project approved by the pope. 2. By establishing seminaries in France. 3. By subsidising a certain number of missionary priests, both from the ranks of Jesuits, Benedictines, and seculars ('Relation par M. de Fontenay an retour de son ambassade d'Angleterre/ June 1634. ap. RANKE, Hist, of England, v. 448). In July 1636 Matthew was on a visit to Lord Salisbury at Hatfield; in October 1637 he got the credit (wrongly as subse- quently appeared) of being chief instrument in the conversion of Lady Newport, where- upon ' the king did use such words . . . that the fright reduced Don Tobiah to such per- plexity that I find he will make a very ill man to be a martyr ; but now the dog doth again wag his tail' (Lord Con way to Earl of Strafford, Strafford Corresp. ii. 125). The queen's influence was in fact a guarantee to Matthew of a position at court, which if ill defined was so considerable as to prove a serious grievance to puritans of all shades. In 1639 a political squib, entitled ' Reasons that Ship and Conduct Money ought to be paid,' suggests that Sir Tobie was an abettor of the ' Popish plot ' and, with Sir John Win- tour and the queen-mother, was making a laughing - stock of the country (cf. Cal. State Paper s^om. 1639-40, p. 246). Habern- feld and Boswell followed this up next year in their 'Particular Discovery of the Plot against King Kingdom and Protestant Reli- gion,' in which he is described as a ' jesuited priest ' and ' a most dangerous man, to whom a bed was never so dear that he would rest his head thereon, refreshing his body with sleep in a chair, neither day nor night spared his machinations ; a man principally noxious . . . who flies to all banquets and feasts, called or not called, never quiet, a perpetual motion; thrusting himself into all conversa- tions of superiors, he urgeth conferences fami- liarly that he may fish out the minds of men. These discoveries he communicates to the Pope's Legate, but the most secret things to Cardinal Barberini [in whose pay it was as- severed he had been for many years] or the Pope himself '(RusH WORTH, Hist. Collections, p. 1322). Prynne wrote of him in a similar vein as a papal spy and missionary sent to reclaim England. It was therefore only to be expected that in October 1640 he should be apprehended, or that (16 Nov. 1640) the House of Commons should join the lords in petitioning for his banishment. It is said that he voluntarily renounced the court and retired to reside at the English College (the House of Tertians) in Ghent. There he occupied himself in writing an account of his conversion, considered as the central feature of his life. This work, entitled 'A True Historicall Relation of the Conversion of Sir Tobie Matthews to the Holie Catholic Fayth, with the Antece- dents and Consequents thereof,' 1640, and consisting of 234 pages of manuscript, was Matthew Matthew rcnforfeunatoly novor printed. It- is stated to have been for many years an heirloom in a Roman catholic family in Cork ; it was for some time in the possession of the Rev. Alban Butler [q. v.], who published an abridgment (in which for the original phrasing is substi- tuted the decorous prose of the last century) in the form of an octavo pamphlet (thirty-seven pages) in 1795. It passed into the hands of Dr. W. C. Neligan, who printed thirty- five copies of a ' Brief Description of a Curious MS.,' consisting of a number of brief and tantalising extracts. To the ' Re- lation ' he states was appended ' Posthumus, or the Survivour' (twenty-one pages), signedand dated 1640, in which Sir Tobie strenuously denied that he was in receipt of a pension either from Barberini or the pope. For the rest of his life he would seem to have stayed, with few interruptions, at Ghent. In 1650, however, he went to Brussels, and tried, without success, to obtain a canonry there (Cal. Clar. State Papers, ii. 60). He died at the English College, Ghent, on 13 Oct. 1655, and was buried in a vault beneath the college, with the plain inscription on his coffin,